@inproceedings{1354077,
  abstract     = {{Analytical processor performance modeling has received increased interest over the past few years. There are basically two approaches to constructing an analytical model: mechanistic modeling and empirical modeling. Mechanistic modeling builds up an analytical model starting from a basic understanding of the underlying system - white-box approach - whereas empirical modeling constructs an analytical model through statistical inference and machine learning from training data, e.g., regression modeling or neural networks - black-box approach. While an empirical model is typically easier to construct, it provides less insight than a mechanistic model. This paper bridges the gap between mechanistic and empirical modeling through hybrid mechanistic-empirical modeling (gray-box modeling). Starting from a generic, parameterized performance model that is inspired by mechanistic modeling, regression modeling infers the unknown parameters, alike empirical modeling. Mechanistic-empirical models combine the best of both worlds: they provide insight (like mechanistic models) while being easy to construct (like empirical models). We build mechanistic-empirical performance models for three commercial processor cores, the Intel Pentium 4, Core 2 and Core il, using SPEC CPU2000 and CPU2006, and report average prediction errors between 9% and 13%. In addition, we demonstrate that the mechanistic-empirical model is more robust and less subject to overfitting than purely empirical models. A key feature of the proposed mechanistic-empirical model is that it enables constructing CPI stacks on real hardware, which provide insight in commercial processor performance and which offer opportunities for software and hardware optimization and analysis.}},
  articleno    = {{11975392}},
  author       = {{Eyerman, Stijn and Hoste, Kenneth and Eeckhout, Lieven}},
  booktitle    = {{2011 IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems & Software (ISPASS 2011)}},
  isbn         = {{9781612843674}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  location     = {{Austin, TX, USA}},
  pages        = {{11975392:216--11975392:226}},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  title        = {{Mechanistic-empirical processor performance modeling for constructing CPI stacks on real hardware}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1109/ISPASS.2011.5762738}},
  year         = {{2011}},
}

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