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Abstract
Rust fungi are some of the most devastating pathogens of crop plants. They are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissues and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Their lifestyle has slowed the dissection of molecular mechanisms underlying host invasion and avoidance or suppression of plant innate immunity. We sequenced the 101-Mb genome of Melampsora larici-populina, the causal agent of poplar leaf rust, and the 89-Mb genome of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of wheat and barley stem rust. We then compared the 16,399 predicted proteins of M. larici-populina with the 17,773 predicted proteins of P. graminis f. sp tritici. Genomic features related to their obligate biotrophic lifestyle include expanded lineage-specific gene families, a large repertoire of effector-like small secreted proteins, impaired nitrogen and sulfur assimilation pathways, and expanded families of amino acid and oligopeptide membrane transporters. The dramatic up-regulation of transcripts coding for small secreted proteins, secreted hydrolytic enzymes, and transporters in planta suggests that they play a role in host infection and nutrient acquisition. Some of these genomic hallmarks are mirrored in the genomes of other microbial eukaryotes that have independently evolved to infect plants, indicating convergent adaptation to a biotrophic existence inside plant cells.
Keywords
SYMBIOSIS, EVOLUTION, SEQUENCES, HOST, INSIGHTS, RESISTANCE, HAUSTORIA, evolution, rust disease, SMUT FUNGI, plant pathogen, basidiomycete, Comparative genomics, POPLAR

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Citation

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MLA
Duplessis, Sébastien, et al. “Obligate Biotrophy Features Unraveled by the Genomic Analysis of Rust Fungi.” PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 108, no. 22, 2011, pp. 9166–71, doi:10.1073/pnas.1019315108.
APA
Duplessis, S., Cuomo, C. A., Lin, Y.-C., Aerts, A., Tisserant, E., Veneault-Fourrey, C., … Martin, F. (2011). Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 108(22), 9166–9171. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1019315108
Chicago author-date
Duplessis, Sébastien, Christina A Cuomo, Yao-Cheng Lin, Andrea Aerts, Emilie Tisserant, Claire Veneault-Fourrey, David L Joly, et al. 2011. “Obligate Biotrophy Features Unraveled by the Genomic Analysis of Rust Fungi.” PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 108 (22): 9166–71. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1019315108.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Duplessis, Sébastien, Christina A Cuomo, Yao-Cheng Lin, Andrea Aerts, Emilie Tisserant, Claire Veneault-Fourrey, David L Joly, Stéphane Hacquard, Joëlle Amselem, Brandi L Cantarel, Readman Chiu, Pedro M Coutinho, Nicolas Feau, Matthew Field, Pascal Frey, Eric Gelhaye, Jonathan Goldberg, Mandred G Grabherr, Chinnappa D Kodira, Annegret Kohler, Ursula Kües, Erika A Lindquist, Susan M Lucas, Rohit Mago, Evan Mauceli, Emmanuelle Morin, Claude Murat, Jasmyn L Pangilinan, Robert Park, Matthew Pearson, Hadi Quesneville, Nicolas Rouhier, Sharadha Sakthikumar, Asaf A Salamov, Jeremy Schmutz, Benjamin Selles, Harris Shapiro, Philippe Tanguay, Gerald A Tuskan, Bernard Henrissat, Yves Van de Peer, Pierre Rouzé, Jeffrey G Ellis, Peter N Dodds, Jacqueline E Schein, Shaobin Zhong, Richard C Hamelin, Igor V Grigoriev, Les J Szabo, and Francis Martin. 2011. “Obligate Biotrophy Features Unraveled by the Genomic Analysis of Rust Fungi.” PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 108 (22): 9166–9171. doi:10.1073/pnas.1019315108.
Vancouver
1.
Duplessis S, Cuomo CA, Lin Y-C, Aerts A, Tisserant E, Veneault-Fourrey C, et al. Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 2011;108(22):9166–71.
IEEE
[1]
S. Duplessis et al., “Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi,” PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 108, no. 22, pp. 9166–9171, 2011.
@article{1266320,
  abstract     = {{Rust fungi are some of the most devastating pathogens of crop plants. They are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissues and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Their lifestyle has slowed the dissection of molecular mechanisms underlying host invasion and avoidance or suppression of plant innate immunity. We sequenced the 101-Mb genome of Melampsora larici-populina, the causal agent of poplar leaf rust, and the 89-Mb genome of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of wheat and barley stem rust. We then compared the 16,399 predicted proteins of M. larici-populina with the 17,773 predicted proteins of P. graminis f. sp tritici. Genomic features related to their obligate biotrophic lifestyle include expanded lineage-specific gene families, a large repertoire of effector-like small secreted proteins, impaired nitrogen and sulfur assimilation pathways, and expanded families of amino acid and oligopeptide membrane transporters. The dramatic up-regulation of transcripts coding for small secreted proteins, secreted hydrolytic enzymes, and transporters in planta suggests that they play a role in host infection and nutrient acquisition. Some of these genomic hallmarks are mirrored in the genomes of other microbial eukaryotes that have independently evolved to infect plants, indicating convergent adaptation to a biotrophic existence inside plant cells.}},
  author       = {{Duplessis, Sébastien and Cuomo, Christina A and Lin, Yao-Cheng and Aerts, Andrea and Tisserant, Emilie and Veneault-Fourrey, Claire and Joly, David L and Hacquard, Stéphane and Amselem, Joëlle and Cantarel, Brandi L and Chiu, Readman and Coutinho, Pedro M and Feau, Nicolas and Field, Matthew and Frey, Pascal and Gelhaye, Eric and Goldberg, Jonathan and Grabherr, Mandred G and Kodira, Chinnappa D and Kohler, Annegret and Kües, Ursula and Lindquist, Erika A and Lucas, Susan M and Mago, Rohit and Mauceli, Evan and Morin, Emmanuelle and Murat, Claude and Pangilinan, Jasmyn L and Park, Robert and Pearson, Matthew and Quesneville, Hadi and Rouhier, Nicolas and Sakthikumar, Sharadha and Salamov, Asaf A and Schmutz, Jeremy and Selles, Benjamin and Shapiro, Harris and Tanguay, Philippe and Tuskan, Gerald A and Henrissat, Bernard and Van de Peer, Yves and Rouzé, Pierre and Ellis, Jeffrey G and Dodds, Peter N and Schein, Jacqueline E and Zhong, Shaobin and Hamelin, Richard C and Grigoriev, Igor V and Szabo, Les J and Martin, Francis}},
  issn         = {{0027-8424}},
  journal      = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}},
  keywords     = {{SYMBIOSIS,EVOLUTION,SEQUENCES,HOST,INSIGHTS,RESISTANCE,HAUSTORIA,evolution,rust disease,SMUT FUNGI,plant pathogen,basidiomycete,Comparative genomics,POPLAR}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{22}},
  pages        = {{9166--9171}},
  title        = {{Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1019315108}},
  volume       = {{108}},
  year         = {{2011}},
}

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