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Geostatistical assessment of the impact of World War I on the spatial occurrence of soil heavy metals

Eef Meerschman (UGent) , Liesbet Cockx (UGent) , Mohammad Monirul Islam (UGent) , Fun Meeuws (UGent) and Marc Van Meirvenne (UGent)
(2011) AMBIO. 40(4). p.417-424
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Abstract
Previous research showed a regional Cu enrichment of 6 mg kg(-1) in the top soil of the Ypres war zone (Belgium), caused by corrosion of WWI shell fragments. Further research was required since in addition to Cu, also As, Pb, and Zn were used during the manufacturing of ammunition. Therefore, an additional data collection was conducted in which the initial Cu data set was tripled to 731 data points and extended to eight heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) which permitted (1) to evaluate the environmental impact of the heavy metals at a regional scale and (2) to assess their regional spatial occurrence by performing an optimized geostatistical modeling. The results showed no pollution at a regional scale, but sometimes locally concentrations exceeded the soil sanitation threshold, especially for Cu, Pb, and Zn. The spatial patterns of Ni and Cr were related to variations in soil texture whereas the occurrences of Cu and Pb were clearly linked to WWI activities. This difference in spatial behavior was confirmed by an analysis of coregionalization.
Keywords
Geostatistics, COPPER, Spatial variability, World War I, Soil heavy metals

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MLA
Meerschman, Eef, et al. “Geostatistical Assessment of the Impact of World War I on the Spatial Occurrence of Soil Heavy Metals.” AMBIO, vol. 40, no. 4, 2011, pp. 417–24, doi:10.1007/s13280-010-0104-6.
APA
Meerschman, E., Cockx, L., Islam, M. M., Meeuws, F., & Van Meirvenne, M. (2011). Geostatistical assessment of the impact of World War I on the spatial occurrence of soil heavy metals. AMBIO, 40(4), 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0104-6
Chicago author-date
Meerschman, Eef, Liesbet Cockx, Mohammad Monirul Islam, Fun Meeuws, and Marc Van Meirvenne. 2011. “Geostatistical Assessment of the Impact of World War I on the Spatial Occurrence of Soil Heavy Metals.” AMBIO 40 (4): 417–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0104-6.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Meerschman, Eef, Liesbet Cockx, Mohammad Monirul Islam, Fun Meeuws, and Marc Van Meirvenne. 2011. “Geostatistical Assessment of the Impact of World War I on the Spatial Occurrence of Soil Heavy Metals.” AMBIO 40 (4): 417–424. doi:10.1007/s13280-010-0104-6.
Vancouver
1.
Meerschman E, Cockx L, Islam MM, Meeuws F, Van Meirvenne M. Geostatistical assessment of the impact of World War I on the spatial occurrence of soil heavy metals. AMBIO. 2011;40(4):417–24.
IEEE
[1]
E. Meerschman, L. Cockx, M. M. Islam, F. Meeuws, and M. Van Meirvenne, “Geostatistical assessment of the impact of World War I on the spatial occurrence of soil heavy metals,” AMBIO, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 417–424, 2011.
@article{1225388,
  abstract     = {{Previous research showed a regional Cu enrichment of 6 mg kg(-1) in the top soil of the Ypres war zone (Belgium), caused by corrosion of WWI shell fragments. Further research was required since in addition to Cu, also As, Pb, and Zn were used during the manufacturing of ammunition. Therefore, an additional data collection was conducted in which the initial Cu data set was tripled to 731 data points and extended to eight heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) which permitted (1) to evaluate the environmental impact of the heavy metals at a regional scale and (2) to assess their regional spatial occurrence by performing an optimized geostatistical modeling. The results showed no pollution at a regional scale, but sometimes locally concentrations exceeded the soil sanitation threshold, especially for Cu, Pb, and Zn. The spatial patterns of Ni and Cr were related to variations in soil texture whereas the occurrences of Cu and Pb were clearly linked to WWI activities. This difference in spatial behavior was confirmed by an analysis of coregionalization.}},
  author       = {{Meerschman, Eef and Cockx, Liesbet and Islam, Mohammad Monirul and Meeuws, Fun and Van Meirvenne, Marc}},
  issn         = {{0044-7447}},
  journal      = {{AMBIO}},
  keywords     = {{Geostatistics,COPPER,Spatial variability,World War I,Soil heavy metals}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{4}},
  pages        = {{417--424}},
  title        = {{Geostatistical assessment of the impact of World War I on the spatial occurrence of soil heavy metals}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0104-6}},
  volume       = {{40}},
  year         = {{2011}},
}

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