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Cross-protection between antigenically distinct H1N1 swine influenza viruses from Europe and North America

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Abstract
Background An avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus (SIV) is enzootic in swine populations of Western Europe. The virus is antigenically distinct from H1N1 SIVs in North America that have a classical swine virus-lineage H1 hemagglutinin, as does the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. However, the significance of this antigenic difference for cross-protection among pigs remains unknown. Objectives We examined protection against infection with a North American triple reassortant H1N1 SIV [A/swine/Iowa/H04YS2/04 (sw/IA/04)] in pigs infected with a European avian-like SIV [A/swine/Belgium/1/98 (sw/B/98)] 4 weeks earlier. We also examined the genetic relationships and serologic cross-reactivity between both SIVs and with a pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus [A/California/04/09 (Calif/09)]. Results After intranasal inoculation with sw/IA/04, all previously uninfected control pigs showed nasal virus excretion, high virus titers in the entire respiratory tract at 4 days post-challenge (DPCh) and macroscopic lung lesions. Most pigs previously infected with sw/B/98 tested negative for sw/IA/04 in nasal swabs and respiratory tissues, and none had lung lesions. At challenge, these pigs had low levels of cross-reactive virus neutralizing and neuraminidase inhibiting (NI) antibodies to sw/IA/04, but no hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. They showed similar antibody profiles when tested against Calif/09, but NI antibody titers were higher against Calif/09 than sw/IA/04, reflecting the higher genetic homology of the sw/B/98 neuraminidase with Calif/09. Conclusions Our data indicate that immunity induced by infection with European avian-like H1N1 SIV affords protection for pigs against North American H1N1 SIVs with a classical H1, and they suggest cross-protection against the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus.
Keywords
pandemic (H1N1) 2009, triple reassortant, H1N1 swine influenza virus, cross-protection, Avian-like, A VIRUS, PIGS, ORIGIN, H3N2, TRANSMISSION, INFECTION, EMERGENCE, SUBTYPES, ENGLAND, HUMANS

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MLA
De Vleeschauwer, Annebel, et al. “Cross-Protection between Antigenically Distinct H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses from Europe and North America.” INFLUENZA AND OTHER RESPIRATORY VIRUSES, vol. 5, no. 2, 2011, pp. 115–22, doi:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00164.x.
APA
De Vleeschauwer, A., Van Poucke, S., Karasin, A. I., Olsen, C., & Van Reeth, K. (2011). Cross-protection between antigenically distinct H1N1 swine influenza viruses from Europe and North America. INFLUENZA AND OTHER RESPIRATORY VIRUSES, 5(2), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00164.x
Chicago author-date
De Vleeschauwer, Annebel, Sjouke Van Poucke, Alexander I Karasin, Christopher Olsen, and Kristien Van Reeth. 2011. “Cross-Protection between Antigenically Distinct H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses from Europe and North America.” INFLUENZA AND OTHER RESPIRATORY VIRUSES 5 (2): 115–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00164.x.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
De Vleeschauwer, Annebel, Sjouke Van Poucke, Alexander I Karasin, Christopher Olsen, and Kristien Van Reeth. 2011. “Cross-Protection between Antigenically Distinct H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses from Europe and North America.” INFLUENZA AND OTHER RESPIRATORY VIRUSES 5 (2): 115–122. doi:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00164.x.
Vancouver
1.
De Vleeschauwer A, Van Poucke S, Karasin AI, Olsen C, Van Reeth K. Cross-protection between antigenically distinct H1N1 swine influenza viruses from Europe and North America. INFLUENZA AND OTHER RESPIRATORY VIRUSES. 2011;5(2):115–22.
IEEE
[1]
A. De Vleeschauwer, S. Van Poucke, A. I. Karasin, C. Olsen, and K. Van Reeth, “Cross-protection between antigenically distinct H1N1 swine influenza viruses from Europe and North America,” INFLUENZA AND OTHER RESPIRATORY VIRUSES, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 115–122, 2011.
@article{1185725,
  abstract     = {{Background An avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus (SIV) is enzootic in swine populations of Western Europe. The virus is antigenically distinct from H1N1 SIVs in North America that have a classical swine virus-lineage H1 hemagglutinin, as does the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. However, the significance of this antigenic difference for cross-protection among pigs remains unknown.
Objectives We examined protection against infection with a North American triple reassortant H1N1 SIV [A/swine/Iowa/H04YS2/04 (sw/IA/04)] in pigs infected with a European avian-like SIV [A/swine/Belgium/1/98 (sw/B/98)] 4 weeks earlier. We also examined the genetic relationships and serologic cross-reactivity between both SIVs and with a pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus [A/California/04/09 (Calif/09)].
Results After intranasal inoculation with sw/IA/04, all previously uninfected control pigs showed nasal virus excretion, high virus titers in the entire respiratory tract at 4 days post-challenge (DPCh) and macroscopic lung lesions. Most pigs previously infected with sw/B/98 tested negative for sw/IA/04 in nasal swabs and respiratory tissues, and none had lung lesions. At challenge, these pigs had low levels of cross-reactive virus neutralizing and neuraminidase inhibiting (NI) antibodies to sw/IA/04, but no hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. They showed similar antibody profiles when tested against Calif/09, but NI antibody titers were higher against Calif/09 than sw/IA/04, reflecting the higher genetic homology of the sw/B/98 neuraminidase with Calif/09.
Conclusions Our data indicate that immunity induced by infection with European avian-like H1N1 SIV affords protection for pigs against North American H1N1 SIVs with a classical H1, and they suggest cross-protection against the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus.}},
  author       = {{De Vleeschauwer, Annebel and Van Poucke, Sjouke and Karasin, Alexander I and Olsen, Christopher and Van Reeth, Kristien}},
  issn         = {{1750-2640}},
  journal      = {{INFLUENZA AND OTHER RESPIRATORY VIRUSES}},
  keywords     = {{pandemic (H1N1) 2009,triple reassortant,H1N1 swine influenza virus,cross-protection,Avian-like,A VIRUS,PIGS,ORIGIN,H3N2,TRANSMISSION,INFECTION,EMERGENCE,SUBTYPES,ENGLAND,HUMANS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{115--122}},
  title        = {{Cross-protection between antigenically distinct H1N1 swine influenza viruses from Europe and North America}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00164.x}},
  volume       = {{5}},
  year         = {{2011}},
}

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