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Teachers’ self-reported and observed effective teaching behaviour using the ICALT framework

Aron Decuyper (UGent) , Lisa Herman (UGent) , Brent Theys (UGent) , Jonas Dierickx (UGent) , Ridwan Maulana and Ruben Vanderlinde (UGent)
(2026) SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS AND SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT.
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Abstract
Effective teaching behaviour is an important factor positively influencing students’ academic outcomes. While external classroom observations are widely used to assess teaching behaviour, integrating teacher self-reported measures alongside observational instruments remains underexplored. Using data from 661 teachers, a self-reported instrument to assess teachers’ effective teaching behaviour was validated through confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance. The difference in scores between the self-reported and the observation instrument, both grounded in the ICALT framework, was examined using Bland-Altman analyses, dependent t-tests and multiple regression analyses controlling for background variables. Findings contribute to the broader teacher effectiveness literature by advancing complementary assessment methods.
Keywords
Effective teaching behaviour, ICALT framework, Teacher self-reported instrument, Observation, Validation, OF-FIT INDEXES, EVALUATION INSTRUMENT, STUDENT, FEEDBACK, QUALITY, PERCEPTIONS, MODEL

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MLA
Decuyper, Aron, et al. “Teachers’ Self-Reported and Observed Effective Teaching Behaviour Using the ICALT Framework.” SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS AND SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT, 2026, doi:10.1080/09243453.2026.2710130.
APA
Decuyper, A., Herman, L., Theys, B., Dierickx, J., Maulana, R., & Vanderlinde, R. (2026). Teachers’ self-reported and observed effective teaching behaviour using the ICALT framework. SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS AND SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2026.2710130
Chicago author-date
Decuyper, Aron, Lisa Herman, Brent Theys, Jonas Dierickx, Ridwan Maulana, and Ruben Vanderlinde. 2026. “Teachers’ Self-Reported and Observed Effective Teaching Behaviour Using the ICALT Framework.” SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS AND SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2026.2710130.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Decuyper, Aron, Lisa Herman, Brent Theys, Jonas Dierickx, Ridwan Maulana, and Ruben Vanderlinde. 2026. “Teachers’ Self-Reported and Observed Effective Teaching Behaviour Using the ICALT Framework.” SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS AND SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT. doi:10.1080/09243453.2026.2710130.
Vancouver
1.
Decuyper A, Herman L, Theys B, Dierickx J, Maulana R, Vanderlinde R. Teachers’ self-reported and observed effective teaching behaviour using the ICALT framework. SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS AND SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT. 2026;
IEEE
[1]
A. Decuyper, L. Herman, B. Theys, J. Dierickx, R. Maulana, and R. Vanderlinde, “Teachers’ self-reported and observed effective teaching behaviour using the ICALT framework,” SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS AND SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT, 2026.
@article{01KZRSD76WWGHDBJNSTH5HWC75,
  abstract     = {{Effective teaching behaviour is an important factor positively influencing students’ academic outcomes. While external classroom observations are widely used to assess teaching behaviour, integrating teacher self-reported measures alongside observational instruments remains underexplored. Using data from 661 teachers, a self-reported instrument to assess teachers’ effective teaching behaviour was validated through confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance. The difference in scores between the self-reported and the observation instrument, both grounded in the ICALT framework, was examined using Bland-Altman analyses, dependent t-tests and multiple regression analyses controlling for background variables. Findings contribute to the broader teacher effectiveness literature by advancing complementary assessment methods.}},
  author       = {{Decuyper, Aron and Herman, Lisa and Theys, Brent and Dierickx, Jonas and Maulana, Ridwan and Vanderlinde, Ruben}},
  issn         = {{0924-3453}},
  journal      = {{SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS AND SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT}},
  keywords     = {{Effective teaching behaviour,ICALT framework,Teacher self-reported instrument,Observation,Validation,OF-FIT INDEXES,EVALUATION INSTRUMENT,STUDENT,FEEDBACK,QUALITY,PERCEPTIONS,MODEL}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{22}},
  title        = {{Teachers’ self-reported and observed effective teaching behaviour using the ICALT framework}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2026.2710130}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}
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