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Macro and micro-structural analyses of expansive soils stabilized with calcium carbide residue and water treatment sludge under freeze-thaw cycles

Mohammad Dokaneh, Mahdi Salimi, Iman Hosseinpour, Reza Rezvani, Mohammad Amin Sayyah (UGent) , Meghdad Payan (UGent) , Mahya Roustaei Hossein Abadi (UGent) and Bruno Stuyts (UGent)
(2026) Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. p.3707-3712
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Abstract
Expansive soils pose significant challenges in civil engineering projects due to their high sensitivity to moisture and large volume changes under environmental fluctuations. Stabilizing these soils using industrial waste materials offers an economical and environmentally sustainable solution for geotechnical applications. This study examines the combined utilization of calcium carbide residue (CCR) and water treatment sludge (WTS) in varying proportions (i.e., up to 30%) to improve the mechanical properties and durability of swelling soils subjected to freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs). An experimental program was defined, including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests, to evaluate mechanical performance and elucidate material interactions and structural improvements. The combination of 25% CCR and 10% WTS was found to significantly improve soil properties, achieving a UCS of more than 7500 kPa, outperforming soils stabilized with CCR alone. Microstructural analysis also revealed the formation of C-S-H and C-A-S-H gels through pozzolanic reactions, which densified the soil matrix and filled pore spaces. The reduction in porosity of the stabilized soils contributed to their remarkable durability and retained strength after multiple FTCs. Specifically, at the optimum CCR-WTS composition, after 12 FTCs, the UCS and UPV values reached 4500 kPa and 850 m/s, respectively. These findings highlight the effectiveness of combining CCR and WTS for stabilizing expansive soils, particularly in regions prone to extreme climatic conditions.
Keywords
Expansive clays, Calcium carbide residue (CCR), Water treatment sludge (WTS), Waste additives, Freeze-thaw cycles

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MLA
Dokaneh, Mohammad, et al. “Macro and Micro-Structural Analyses of Expansive Soils Stabilized with Calcium Carbide Residue and Water Treatment Sludge under Freeze-Thaw Cycles.” Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2026, pp. 3707–12, doi:10.53243/ICSMGE2026-612.
APA
Dokaneh, M., Salimi, M., Hosseinpour, I., Rezvani, R., Sayyah, M. A., Payan, M., … Stuyts, B. (2026). Macro and micro-structural analyses of expansive soils stabilized with calcium carbide residue and water treatment sludge under freeze-thaw cycles. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 3707–3712. https://doi.org/10.53243/ICSMGE2026-612
Chicago author-date
Dokaneh, Mohammad, Mahdi Salimi, Iman Hosseinpour, Reza Rezvani, Mohammad Amin Sayyah, Meghdad Payan, Mahya Roustaei Hossein Abadi, and Bruno Stuyts. 2026. “Macro and Micro-Structural Analyses of Expansive Soils Stabilized with Calcium Carbide Residue and Water Treatment Sludge under Freeze-Thaw Cycles.” In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 3707–12. https://doi.org/10.53243/ICSMGE2026-612.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Dokaneh, Mohammad, Mahdi Salimi, Iman Hosseinpour, Reza Rezvani, Mohammad Amin Sayyah, Meghdad Payan, Mahya Roustaei Hossein Abadi, and Bruno Stuyts. 2026. “Macro and Micro-Structural Analyses of Expansive Soils Stabilized with Calcium Carbide Residue and Water Treatment Sludge under Freeze-Thaw Cycles.” In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 3707–3712. doi:10.53243/ICSMGE2026-612.
Vancouver
1.
Dokaneh M, Salimi M, Hosseinpour I, Rezvani R, Sayyah MA, Payan M, et al. Macro and micro-structural analyses of expansive soils stabilized with calcium carbide residue and water treatment sludge under freeze-thaw cycles. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2026. p. 3707–12.
IEEE
[1]
M. Dokaneh et al., “Macro and micro-structural analyses of expansive soils stabilized with calcium carbide residue and water treatment sludge under freeze-thaw cycles,” in Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Vienna, Austria, 2026, pp. 3707–3712.
@inproceedings{01KVWWCK83E0PWBWFKQMSSE1AP,
  abstract     = {{Expansive soils pose significant challenges in civil engineering projects due to their high sensitivity to moisture and large volume changes under environmental fluctuations. Stabilizing these soils using industrial waste materials offers an economical and environmentally sustainable solution for geotechnical applications. This study examines the combined utilization of calcium carbide residue (CCR) and water treatment sludge (WTS) in varying proportions (i.e., up to 30%) to improve the mechanical properties and durability of swelling soils subjected to freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs). An experimental program was defined, including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests, to evaluate mechanical performance and elucidate material interactions and structural improvements. The combination of 25% CCR and 10% WTS was found to significantly improve soil properties, achieving a UCS of more than 7500 kPa, outperforming soils stabilized with CCR alone. Microstructural analysis also revealed the formation of C-S-H and C-A-S-H gels through pozzolanic reactions, which densified the soil matrix and filled pore spaces. The reduction in porosity of the stabilized soils contributed to their remarkable durability and retained strength after multiple FTCs. Specifically, at the optimum CCR-WTS composition, after 12 FTCs, the UCS and UPV values reached 4500 kPa and 850 m/s, respectively. These findings highlight the effectiveness of combining CCR and WTS for stabilizing expansive soils, particularly in regions prone to extreme climatic conditions.}},
  author       = {{Dokaneh, Mohammad and Salimi, Mahdi and Hosseinpour, Iman and Rezvani, Reza and Sayyah, Mohammad Amin and Payan, Meghdad and Roustaei Hossein Abadi, Mahya and Stuyts, Bruno}},
  booktitle    = {{Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering}},
  isbn         = {{9783950389845}},
  keywords     = {{Expansive clays,Calcium carbide residue (CCR),Water treatment sludge (WTS),Waste additives,Freeze-thaw cycles}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  location     = {{Vienna, Austria}},
  pages        = {{3707--3712}},
  title        = {{Macro and micro-structural analyses of expansive soils stabilized with calcium carbide residue and water treatment sludge under freeze-thaw cycles}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.53243/ICSMGE2026-612}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}
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