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Boron-doped coconut shell biochar as particle electrode for peroxymonosulfate activation in electrochemical degradation of pyridine

Lei He (UGent) , Yuxian Ji (UGent) , Chunrong Wang, Dan Liu, Yang Li, Tayyebeh Soltani Kalat (UGent) , Di Wu (UGent) and Philippe Heynderickx (UGent)
(2026) CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL. 543.
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Abstract
Pyridine is a refractory nitrogenous heterocyclic pollutant, with its stable pyridinic-N being the key remediation bottleneck. In this study, Boron-doped coconut shell biochar (BC@B) was utilized in the three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical as a dual-function particle electrode by integrating electrochemical catalysis with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Boron exhibited an enhancement effect on the physico-chemical characteristics of BC. The introduction of BC@B significantly enhanced pyridine degradation, which followed pseudo-first order kinetics with the rate coefficient (kobs) from 0.019 ± 0.0042 to 0.39 ± 0.026 min−1 in electrochemical oxidation (EO)/BC@B/PMS 3D system, which are higher than that in EO/PMS 2D system. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) revealed radical pathway (SO4●– and HO●) contributed to pyridine degradation. Through the electrochemical analysis and theoretical calculations, it was concluded that the pyridine degradation was greatly related to the -O-B-O configuration embedded into the isolated carbon–carbon double bonds at the BC edge. Boron-doped reduced the energy gap (ΔE) between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), thereby promoting electron transfer and increasing PMS activation efficiency by approximately 17% compared to 2D system. Furthermore, boron-doped induces the rearrangement of local electron cloud density, promoting thermodynamic spontaneous formation of BC@B-PMS* complex. A non-radical pathway mediated by BC@B-PMS* complex was established, enabling electron transfer from pyridine to PMS and improving the pyridine degradation. The BC@B showed excellent catalytic performance after being reused for 6 times. System comparison confirmed the EO/BC@B/PMS system possessed the perfect pyridine degradation performance and favorable real coking wastewater treatment. Therefore, this study provides an efficient particle electrode for pyridine degradation and further verifies its application feasibility for real coking wastewater remediation.
Keywords
Coconut shell biochar, Particle electrode, Three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation, Pyridine, Degradation mechanism, NONRADICAL ACTIVATION, CARBON, OXIDATION, KINETICS, WATER

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MLA
He, Lei, et al. “Boron-Doped Coconut Shell Biochar as Particle Electrode for Peroxymonosulfate Activation in Electrochemical Degradation of Pyridine.” CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, vol. 543, 2026, doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.178585.
APA
He, L., Ji, Y., Wang, C., Liu, D., Li, Y., Soltani Kalat, T., … Heynderickx, P. (2026). Boron-doped coconut shell biochar as particle electrode for peroxymonosulfate activation in electrochemical degradation of pyridine. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, 543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2026.178585
Chicago author-date
He, Lei, Yuxian Ji, Chunrong Wang, Dan Liu, Yang Li, Tayyebeh Soltani Kalat, Di Wu, and Philippe Heynderickx. 2026. “Boron-Doped Coconut Shell Biochar as Particle Electrode for Peroxymonosulfate Activation in Electrochemical Degradation of Pyridine.” CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL 543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2026.178585.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
He, Lei, Yuxian Ji, Chunrong Wang, Dan Liu, Yang Li, Tayyebeh Soltani Kalat, Di Wu, and Philippe Heynderickx. 2026. “Boron-Doped Coconut Shell Biochar as Particle Electrode for Peroxymonosulfate Activation in Electrochemical Degradation of Pyridine.” CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL 543. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.178585.
Vancouver
1.
He L, Ji Y, Wang C, Liu D, Li Y, Soltani Kalat T, et al. Boron-doped coconut shell biochar as particle electrode for peroxymonosulfate activation in electrochemical degradation of pyridine. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL. 2026;543.
IEEE
[1]
L. He et al., “Boron-doped coconut shell biochar as particle electrode for peroxymonosulfate activation in electrochemical degradation of pyridine,” CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, vol. 543, 2026.
@article{01KVWQ948RQ4Y30FDZMYCVV7VQ,
  abstract     = {{Pyridine is a refractory nitrogenous heterocyclic pollutant, with its stable pyridinic-N being the key remediation bottleneck. In this study, Boron-doped coconut shell biochar (BC@B) was utilized in the three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical as a dual-function particle electrode by integrating electrochemical catalysis with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Boron exhibited an enhancement effect on the physico-chemical characteristics of BC. The introduction of BC@B significantly enhanced pyridine degradation, which followed pseudo-first order kinetics with the rate coefficient (kobs) from 0.019 ± 0.0042 to 0.39 ± 0.026 min−1 in electrochemical oxidation (EO)/BC@B/PMS 3D system, which are higher than that in EO/PMS 2D system. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) revealed radical pathway (SO4●– and HO●) contributed to pyridine degradation. Through the electrochemical analysis and theoretical calculations, it was concluded that the pyridine degradation was greatly related to the -O-B-O configuration embedded into the isolated carbon–carbon double bonds at the BC edge. Boron-doped reduced the energy gap (ΔE) between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), thereby promoting electron transfer and increasing PMS activation efficiency by approximately 17% compared to 2D system. Furthermore, boron-doped induces the rearrangement of local electron cloud density, promoting thermodynamic spontaneous formation of BC@B-PMS* complex. A non-radical pathway mediated by BC@B-PMS* complex was established, enabling electron transfer from pyridine to PMS and improving the pyridine degradation. The BC@B showed excellent catalytic performance after being reused for 6 times. System comparison confirmed the EO/BC@B/PMS system possessed the perfect pyridine degradation performance and favorable real coking wastewater treatment. Therefore, this study provides an efficient particle electrode for pyridine degradation and further verifies its application feasibility for real coking wastewater remediation.}},
  articleno    = {{178585}},
  author       = {{He, Lei and Ji, Yuxian and Wang, Chunrong and Liu, Dan and Li, Yang and Soltani Kalat, Tayyebeh and Wu, Di and Heynderickx, Philippe}},
  issn         = {{1385-8947}},
  journal      = {{CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL}},
  keywords     = {{Coconut shell biochar,Particle electrode,Three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation,Pyridine,Degradation mechanism,NONRADICAL ACTIVATION,CARBON,OXIDATION,KINETICS,WATER}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{23}},
  title        = {{Boron-doped coconut shell biochar as particle electrode for peroxymonosulfate activation in electrochemical degradation of pyridine}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2026.178585}},
  volume       = {{543}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}
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