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Advancing applied behavioral science : the GAP framework

Samuël Costa (UGent) , Stuart Mills, Wouter Duyck (UGent) and Nicolas Dirix (UGent)
(2026) HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS. 13(1).
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Abstract
Growing acceptance of applied behavioral science in public policy and organizational decision-making has resulted in ambitions to go beyond nudging, particularly following developments in new technologies. To support these ambitions, this paper presents the GAP framework. Building from established behavioral science concepts (General Tools), GAP incorporates new technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) into the behavioral science toolkit (Algorithms), as well as practical considerations for implementing behavioral science within organizational settings (Practical Considerations). The framework unifies diagnostic, design, and scalability considerations to support practitioners in tailoring behavioral capacities to their organizational contexts. GAP is developed as a 'modular' framework, allowing practitioners to draw on its insights to supplement existing knowledge and adapt knowledge to organizational demands.
Keywords
ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE, SELF-CONTROL, DECISION-MAKING, HABIT FORMATION, MODEL, INCENTIVES, PSYCHOLOGY, EMOTIONS

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MLA
Costa, Samuël, et al. “Advancing Applied Behavioral Science : The GAP Framework.” HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 13, no. 1, 2026, doi:10.1057/s41599-026-06542-3.
APA
Costa, S., Mills, S., Duyck, W., & Dirix, N. (2026). Advancing applied behavioral science : the GAP framework. HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-06542-3
Chicago author-date
Costa, Samuël, Stuart Mills, Wouter Duyck, and Nicolas Dirix. 2026. “Advancing Applied Behavioral Science : The GAP Framework.” HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS 13 (1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-06542-3.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Costa, Samuël, Stuart Mills, Wouter Duyck, and Nicolas Dirix. 2026. “Advancing Applied Behavioral Science : The GAP Framework.” HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS 13 (1). doi:10.1057/s41599-026-06542-3.
Vancouver
1.
Costa S, Mills S, Duyck W, Dirix N. Advancing applied behavioral science : the GAP framework. HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS. 2026;13(1).
IEEE
[1]
S. Costa, S. Mills, W. Duyck, and N. Dirix, “Advancing applied behavioral science : the GAP framework,” HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 13, no. 1, 2026.
@article{01KPBJ1E7F4YZ759JGHX4E14FY,
  abstract     = {{Growing acceptance of applied behavioral science in public policy and organizational decision-making has resulted in ambitions to go beyond nudging, particularly following developments in new technologies. To support these ambitions, this paper presents the GAP framework. Building from established behavioral science concepts (General Tools), GAP incorporates new technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) into the behavioral science toolkit (Algorithms), as well as practical considerations for implementing behavioral science within organizational settings (Practical Considerations). The framework unifies diagnostic, design, and scalability considerations to support practitioners in tailoring behavioral capacities to their organizational contexts. GAP is developed as a 'modular' framework, allowing practitioners to draw on its insights to supplement existing knowledge and adapt knowledge to organizational demands.}},
  articleno    = {{261}},
  author       = {{Costa, Samuël and Mills, Stuart and Duyck, Wouter and Dirix, Nicolas}},
  issn         = {{2662-9992}},
  journal      = {{HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS}},
  keywords     = {{ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE,SELF-CONTROL,DECISION-MAKING,HABIT FORMATION,MODEL,INCENTIVES,PSYCHOLOGY,EMOTIONS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{12}},
  title        = {{Advancing applied behavioral science : the GAP framework}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-06542-3}},
  volume       = {{13}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}
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