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Explaining the secondary transfer effect : the role of personality factors

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Abstract
The secondary transfer effect (STE) is based on the idea that contact with a primary outgroup may shape attitudes towards secondary outgroups uninvolved in the contact setting. Most research has investigated attitudes towards the primary outgroup as a mediator of the STE. We conducted one correlational and one three-wave longitudinal study with Italian participants (Total N = 912), to test whether the secondary transfer effect can be explained at least partly by personality change. Specifically, we tested agreeableness and openness to experience as two facets of the five-factor model of personality as possible mediators of the STE. Main findings across the two studies are that the quality of contact with immigrants (primary outgroup) is indirectly associated with attitudes towards dissimilar secondary outgroups (gay people, individuals with disabilities) via greater agreeableness and greater openness to experience (in Study 2, STE effects emerged at the within-person level for openness only); effects for quantity of contact were inconsistent across studies. In general, the present findings show that (changes in) personality can underlie the STE. Implications of these findings for our understanding of the STE are discussed.
Keywords
big five, intergroup contact, intergroup relations, longitudinal, personality, prejudice, INTERGROUP CONTACT, LIFE-COURSE, MEAN-LEVEL, ATTITUDES, EXPERIENCES, PREJUDICE, ANXIETY, METAANALYSIS, PERSPECTIVE, OPENNESS

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MLA
Vezzali, Loris, et al. “Explaining the Secondary Transfer Effect : The Role of Personality Factors.” JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 6, 2025, doi:10.1002/casp.70197.
APA
Vezzali, L., Dierckx, K., Trifiletti, E., Cocco, V. M., Lucarini, A., Capozza, D., & Turner, R. (2025). Explaining the secondary transfer effect : the role of personality factors. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 35(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.70197
Chicago author-date
Vezzali, Loris, Kim Dierckx, Elena Trifiletti, Veronica Margherita Cocco, Alice Lucarini, Dora Capozza, and Rhiannon Turner. 2025. “Explaining the Secondary Transfer Effect : The Role of Personality Factors.” JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 35 (6). https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.70197.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Vezzali, Loris, Kim Dierckx, Elena Trifiletti, Veronica Margherita Cocco, Alice Lucarini, Dora Capozza, and Rhiannon Turner. 2025. “Explaining the Secondary Transfer Effect : The Role of Personality Factors.” JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 35 (6). doi:10.1002/casp.70197.
Vancouver
1.
Vezzali L, Dierckx K, Trifiletti E, Cocco VM, Lucarini A, Capozza D, et al. Explaining the secondary transfer effect : the role of personality factors. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. 2025;35(6).
IEEE
[1]
L. Vezzali et al., “Explaining the secondary transfer effect : the role of personality factors,” JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 6, 2025.
@article{01KKEY2C1P1ZKBPVDSWM6HDPNV,
  abstract     = {{The secondary transfer effect (STE) is based on the idea that contact with a primary outgroup may shape attitudes towards secondary outgroups uninvolved in the contact setting. Most research has investigated attitudes towards the primary outgroup as a mediator of the STE. We conducted one correlational and one three-wave longitudinal study with Italian participants (Total N = 912), to test whether the secondary transfer effect can be explained at least partly by personality change. Specifically, we tested agreeableness and openness to experience as two facets of the five-factor model of personality as possible mediators of the STE. Main findings across the two studies are that the quality of contact with immigrants (primary outgroup) is indirectly associated with attitudes towards dissimilar secondary outgroups (gay people, individuals with disabilities) via greater agreeableness and greater openness to experience (in Study 2, STE effects emerged at the within-person level for openness only); effects for quantity of contact were inconsistent across studies. In general, the present findings show that (changes in) personality can underlie the STE. Implications of these findings for our understanding of the STE are discussed.}},
  articleno    = {{e70197}},
  author       = {{Vezzali, Loris and Dierckx, Kim and Trifiletti, Elena and Cocco, Veronica Margherita and Lucarini, Alice and Capozza, Dora and Turner, Rhiannon}},
  issn         = {{1052-9284}},
  journal      = {{JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{big five,intergroup contact,intergroup relations,longitudinal,personality,prejudice,INTERGROUP CONTACT,LIFE-COURSE,MEAN-LEVEL,ATTITUDES,EXPERIENCES,PREJUDICE,ANXIETY,METAANALYSIS,PERSPECTIVE,OPENNESS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{6}},
  pages        = {{18}},
  title        = {{Explaining the secondary transfer effect : the role of personality factors}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1002/casp.70197}},
  volume       = {{35}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

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