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Thiazole-linked covalent organic frameworks for enhanced photoreductive gold recovery from e-waste

Gilles Matthys (UGent) , Andreas Laemont (UGent) , Diem Van Hamme (UGent) , Wafaa Ahmed Mohamed Moawad (UGent) , Laurens Bourda, Rundong Wang (UGent) , Karen Leus (UGent) , Nathalie De Geyter (UGent) , Rino Morent (UGent) , Roy Lavendomme (UGent) , et al.
(2026) GREEN CHEMISTRY. 28(8). p.3720-3730
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Abstract
In this work we developed two different thiazole-linked Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) from their imine analogues for the recovery of gold from electronic waste. These gold ions are reduced through a dual-function mechanism: either directly by the COF framework itself or by photocatalytically generated electrons under light irradiation. Two COF systems were investigated: one based on pyrene (Tfpy-PDA) and another on a triazole-triazine core (TTT-TAPB). Initially synthesized with imine linkages, these COFs underwent a post-synthetic modification to convert the imine bonds into more robust thiazole rings. This transformation introduced sulfur atoms, significantly enhancing the gold adsorption performance, recyclability, stability and photophysical properties. Specifically, the thiazole-linked TTT-TAPB-S COF achieved a very high gold adsorption capacity of 3533 mg g-1 in dark conditions. Upon light irradiation, the adsorption capacities increased for both imine and thiazole variants, reaching a record high of 7980 mg g-1 for the thiazole-linked Tfpy-PDA-S COF. Demonstrating practical utility, these materials effectively removed up to 98% of gold from complex CPU waste leachates with high selectivity and exhibited excellent stability and recyclability.
Keywords
Covalent Organic Framework, gold, metal recovery, green chemistry, NANOPARTICLES

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MLA
Matthys, Gilles, et al. “Thiazole-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Photoreductive Gold Recovery from e-Waste.” GREEN CHEMISTRY, vol. 28, no. 8, 2026, pp. 3720–30, doi:10.1039/d5gc05287d.
APA
Matthys, G., Laemont, A., Van Hamme, D., Ahmed Mohamed Moawad, W., Bourda, L., Wang, R., … Van Der Voort, P. (2026). Thiazole-linked covalent organic frameworks for enhanced photoreductive gold recovery from e-waste. GREEN CHEMISTRY, 28(8), 3720–3730. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5gc05287d
Chicago author-date
Matthys, Gilles, Andreas Laemont, Diem Van Hamme, Wafaa Ahmed Mohamed Moawad, Laurens Bourda, Rundong Wang, Karen Leus, et al. 2026. “Thiazole-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Photoreductive Gold Recovery from e-Waste.” GREEN CHEMISTRY 28 (8): 3720–30. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5gc05287d.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Matthys, Gilles, Andreas Laemont, Diem Van Hamme, Wafaa Ahmed Mohamed Moawad, Laurens Bourda, Rundong Wang, Karen Leus, Nathalie De Geyter, Rino Morent, Roy Lavendomme, and Pascal Van Der Voort. 2026. “Thiazole-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Photoreductive Gold Recovery from e-Waste.” GREEN CHEMISTRY 28 (8): 3720–3730. doi:10.1039/d5gc05287d.
Vancouver
1.
Matthys G, Laemont A, Van Hamme D, Ahmed Mohamed Moawad W, Bourda L, Wang R, et al. Thiazole-linked covalent organic frameworks for enhanced photoreductive gold recovery from e-waste. GREEN CHEMISTRY. 2026;28(8):3720–30.
IEEE
[1]
G. Matthys et al., “Thiazole-linked covalent organic frameworks for enhanced photoreductive gold recovery from e-waste,” GREEN CHEMISTRY, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 3720–3730, 2026.
@article{01KJJGFYHBZE6CCQE3Y6C8QE9R,
  abstract     = {{In this work we developed two different thiazole-linked Covalent Organic

 Frameworks (COFs) from their imine analogues for the recovery of gold

 from electronic waste. These gold ions are reduced through a

 dual-function mechanism: either directly by the COF framework itself or

 by photocatalytically generated electrons under light irradiation. Two

 COF systems were investigated: one based on pyrene (Tfpy-PDA) and

 another on a triazole-triazine core (TTT-TAPB). Initially synthesized

 with imine linkages, these COFs underwent a post-synthetic modification

 to convert the imine bonds into more robust thiazole rings. This

 transformation introduced sulfur atoms, significantly enhancing the gold

 adsorption performance, recyclability, stability and photophysical

 properties. Specifically, the thiazole-linked TTT-TAPB-S COF achieved a

 very high gold adsorption capacity of 3533 mg g-1 in dark conditions.

 Upon light irradiation, the adsorption capacities increased for both

 imine and thiazole variants, reaching a record high of 7980 mg g-1 for

 the thiazole-linked Tfpy-PDA-S COF. Demonstrating practical utility,

 these materials effectively removed up to 98% of gold from complex CPU

 waste leachates with high selectivity and exhibited excellent stability

 and recyclability.}},
  author       = {{Matthys, Gilles and Laemont, Andreas and Van Hamme, Diem and Ahmed Mohamed Moawad, Wafaa and Bourda, Laurens and Wang, Rundong and Leus, Karen and De Geyter, Nathalie and Morent, Rino and Lavendomme, Roy and Van Der Voort, Pascal}},
  issn         = {{1463-9262}},
  journal      = {{GREEN CHEMISTRY}},
  keywords     = {{Covalent Organic Framework,gold,metal recovery,green chemistry,NANOPARTICLES}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{8}},
  pages        = {{3720--3730}},
  title        = {{Thiazole-linked covalent organic frameworks for enhanced photoreductive gold recovery from e-waste}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1039/d5gc05287d}},
  volume       = {{28}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}
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