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Skopos theory, a cornerstone of functionalist approaches in translation studies, reframes translation as purposeful, context-sensitive action rather than linguistic equivalence. Developed by Hans J. Vermeer in the late 1970s and expanded by Katharina Reiss, Justa Holz-Mänttäri, and Christiane Nord, it prioritizes the communicative function of the target text, guided by the translation brief and the “Skopos principle.” This paradigm has influenced translator training, professional standards, and specialized practices such as localization and transcreation, while sparking debates on ethics, literary translation, and cultural politics. Its enduring relevance lies in aligning translation decisions with situational goals and stakeholder expectations.

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MLA
Spiessens, Anneleen. “Skopos.” Reference Module in Social Sciences, Elsevier, 2026, pp. 1–5, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95504-1.01410-1.
APA
Spiessens, A. (2026). Skopos. In Reference module in social sciences (pp. 1–5). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-95504-1.01410-1
Chicago author-date
Spiessens, Anneleen. 2026. “Skopos.” In Reference Module in Social Sciences, 1–5. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-95504-1.01410-1.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Spiessens, Anneleen. 2026. “Skopos.” In Reference Module in Social Sciences, 1–5. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95504-1.01410-1.
Vancouver
1.
Spiessens A. Skopos. In: Reference module in social sciences. Elsevier; 2026. p. 1–5.
IEEE
[1]
A. Spiessens, “Skopos,” in Reference module in social sciences, Elsevier, 2026, pp. 1–5.
@incollection{01KHZRBF2GG3AM66TXB049A461,
  abstract     = {{Skopos theory, a cornerstone of functionalist approaches in translation studies, reframes translation as purposeful, context-sensitive action rather than linguistic equivalence. Developed by Hans J. Vermeer in the late 1970s and expanded by Katharina Reiss, Justa Holz-Mänttäri, and Christiane Nord, it prioritizes the communicative function of the target text, guided by the translation brief and the “Skopos principle.” This paradigm has influenced translator training, professional standards, and specialized practices such as localization and transcreation, while sparking debates on ethics, literary translation, and cultural politics. Its enduring relevance lies in aligning translation decisions with situational goals and stakeholder expectations.}},
  author       = {{Spiessens, Anneleen}},
  booktitle    = {{Reference module in social sciences}},
  isbn         = {{9780443157851}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{1--5}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  title        = {{Skopos}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-95504-1.01410-1}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}

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