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Probabilistic exposure assessment and risk characterization of quinolizidine alkaloids and phomopsin A in the Belgian population

Sofie Schryvers (UGent) , Bram Miserez (UGent) , Mia Eeckhout (UGent) and Liesbeth Jacxsens (UGent)
(2026) FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY. 207.
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Abstract
Lupins are gaining popularity in EU diets as a source of plant-based proteins. They may, however, contain high levels of quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) and are prone to contamination with phomopsins (PHO). The associated food safety risks remain unclear. To fill the gap in consumption data of lupins and lupin-derived foods, a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was developed and used to survey 535 Belgian respondents. The acute dietary exposure to total QAs (TQAs), as the sum of seven QAs, was modeled using a second order Monte Carlo simulation framework. Food safety risks were characterized for consumers across 12 product categories using a margin of exposure (MOE) approach. MOE values below 1, indicating a potential acute food safety risk, were obtained for the consumers of lupin seeds and flour, and the P95 of consumers of jarred lupins. An average chronic exposure to QAs and PHO A of 7.4 +/- 26.8 mu g/kg bw/d and 5.3 +/- 3.9 ng/kg bw/d, respectively, was derived for the consumers of lupin-containing foods in an upper-bound scenario. These findings support the need for risk management measures to control QAs in lupins, particularly in dry seeds. Additional occurrence and toxicity data are required for a health risk assessment of PHO A.
Keywords
Mycotoxins, Plant toxins, Risk assessment, Plant-based proteins, Legumes, Food consumption, TOXIC METABOLITES, LUPINUS, BINDING

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Citation

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MLA
Schryvers, Sofie, et al. “Probabilistic Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Quinolizidine Alkaloids and Phomopsin A in the Belgian Population.” FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY, vol. 207, 2026, doi:10.1016/j.fct.2025.115812.
APA
Schryvers, S., Miserez, B., Eeckhout, M., & Jacxsens, L. (2026). Probabilistic exposure assessment and risk characterization of quinolizidine alkaloids and phomopsin A in the Belgian population. FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY, 207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2025.115812
Chicago author-date
Schryvers, Sofie, Bram Miserez, Mia Eeckhout, and Liesbeth Jacxsens. 2026. “Probabilistic Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Quinolizidine Alkaloids and Phomopsin A in the Belgian Population.” FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY 207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2025.115812.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Schryvers, Sofie, Bram Miserez, Mia Eeckhout, and Liesbeth Jacxsens. 2026. “Probabilistic Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Quinolizidine Alkaloids and Phomopsin A in the Belgian Population.” FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY 207. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2025.115812.
Vancouver
1.
Schryvers S, Miserez B, Eeckhout M, Jacxsens L. Probabilistic exposure assessment and risk characterization of quinolizidine alkaloids and phomopsin A in the Belgian population. FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY. 2026;207.
IEEE
[1]
S. Schryvers, B. Miserez, M. Eeckhout, and L. Jacxsens, “Probabilistic exposure assessment and risk characterization of quinolizidine alkaloids and phomopsin A in the Belgian population,” FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY, vol. 207, 2026.
@article{01KFNDF059FSBPBFP62745AWFV,
  abstract     = {{Lupins are gaining popularity in EU diets as a source of plant-based proteins. They may, however, contain high levels of quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) and are prone to contamination with phomopsins (PHO). The associated food safety risks remain unclear. To fill the gap in consumption data of lupins and lupin-derived foods, a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was developed and used to survey 535 Belgian respondents. The acute dietary exposure to total QAs (TQAs), as the sum of seven QAs, was modeled using a second order Monte Carlo simulation framework. Food safety risks were characterized for consumers across 12 product categories using a margin of exposure (MOE) approach. MOE values below 1, indicating a potential acute food safety risk, were obtained for the consumers of lupin seeds and flour, and the P95 of consumers of jarred lupins. An average chronic exposure to QAs and PHO A of 7.4 +/- 26.8 mu g/kg bw/d and 5.3 +/- 3.9 ng/kg bw/d, respectively, was derived for the consumers of lupin-containing foods in an upper-bound scenario. These findings support the need for risk management measures to control QAs in lupins, particularly in dry seeds. Additional occurrence and toxicity data are required for a health risk assessment of PHO A.}},
  articleno    = {{115812}},
  author       = {{Schryvers, Sofie and Miserez, Bram and Eeckhout, Mia and Jacxsens, Liesbeth}},
  issn         = {{0278-6915}},
  journal      = {{FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{Mycotoxins,Plant toxins,Risk assessment,Plant-based proteins,Legumes,Food consumption,TOXIC METABOLITES,LUPINUS,BINDING}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{13}},
  title        = {{Probabilistic exposure assessment and risk characterization of quinolizidine alkaloids and phomopsin A in the Belgian population}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2025.115812}},
  volume       = {{207}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}
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