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Enhanced crop calibration for SWAT+ : evaluating water, sediment and nutrient impacts across ten European catchments

Mikołaj Piniewski, Natalja Čerkasova, Svajunas Plunge, Michael Strauch, Christoph Schürz, Péter Braun, Enrico Antonio Chiaradia, Joana Eichenberger, Mohammad Reza Eini, Csilla Farkas, et al.
(2026) ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE. 196.
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Abstract
This study proposes a new workflow for crop growth evaluation and yield calibration in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool Plus (SWAT+) model and evaluates its impact on simulated hydrological and biogeochemical processes. The workflow was applied for ten small agricultural catchments in Europe. A detailed demonstration is provided for the German catchment, Schwarzer Schops. ¨ The workflow proved effective across all catchments, improving yield calibration from an initial R2 of 0.5–0.84. The results show that evapotranspiration and soil moisture were only moderately affected by crop calibration in three catchments (Belgium, Czech Republic and Norway) and negligibly changed in the remaining ones. Sediment and nutrient balance were affected more strongly: sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus loss change reached 82 % (Norway), 16 % and 20 % (Czech Republic), respectively. The proposed workflow is a valuable tool for improving the accuracy of SWAT + simulations and can be used to support decision-making in environmental management.

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MLA
Piniewski, Mikołaj, et al. “Enhanced Crop Calibration for SWAT+ : Evaluating Water, Sediment and Nutrient Impacts across Ten European Catchments.” ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE, vol. 196, 2026, doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106794.
APA
Piniewski, M., Čerkasova, N., Plunge, S., Strauch, M., Schürz, C., Braun, P., … Witing, F. (2026). Enhanced crop calibration for SWAT+ : evaluating water, sediment and nutrient impacts across ten European catchments. ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE, 196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106794
Chicago author-date
Piniewski, Mikołaj, Natalja Čerkasova, Svajunas Plunge, Michael Strauch, Christoph Schürz, Péter Braun, Enrico Antonio Chiaradia, et al. 2026. “Enhanced Crop Calibration for SWAT+ : Evaluating Water, Sediment and Nutrient Impacts across Ten European Catchments.” ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE 196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106794.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Piniewski, Mikołaj, Natalja Čerkasova, Svajunas Plunge, Michael Strauch, Christoph Schürz, Péter Braun, Enrico Antonio Chiaradia, Joana Eichenberger, Mohammad Reza Eini, Csilla Farkas, Marie Anne Eurie Forio, Peter Goethals, Piroska Kassai, Štěpán Marval, Diego Gustavo Panique Casso, Lorenzo Sanguanini, Moritz Shore, Brigitta Szabó, Petr Slavík, and Felix Witing. 2026. “Enhanced Crop Calibration for SWAT+ : Evaluating Water, Sediment and Nutrient Impacts across Ten European Catchments.” ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE 196. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106794.
Vancouver
1.
Piniewski M, Čerkasova N, Plunge S, Strauch M, Schürz C, Braun P, et al. Enhanced crop calibration for SWAT+ : evaluating water, sediment and nutrient impacts across ten European catchments. ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE. 2026;196.
IEEE
[1]
M. Piniewski et al., “Enhanced crop calibration for SWAT+ : evaluating water, sediment and nutrient impacts across ten European catchments,” ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE, vol. 196, 2026.
@article{01KB2T0JXMRFDV56GT3418S723,
  abstract     = {{This study proposes a new workflow for crop growth evaluation and yield calibration in the Soil and Water
Assessment Tool Plus (SWAT+) model and evaluates its impact on simulated hydrological and biogeochemical
processes. The workflow was applied for ten small agricultural catchments in Europe. A detailed demonstration is
provided for the German catchment, Schwarzer Schops. ¨ The workflow proved effective across all catchments,
improving yield calibration from an initial R2 of 0.5–0.84. The results show that evapotranspiration and soil
moisture were only moderately affected by crop calibration in three catchments (Belgium, Czech Republic and
Norway) and negligibly changed in the remaining ones. Sediment and nutrient balance were affected more
strongly: sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus loss change reached 82 % (Norway), 16 % and 20 % (Czech Republic), respectively. The proposed workflow is a valuable tool for improving the accuracy of SWAT + simulations and can be used to support decision-making in environmental management.}},
  articleno    = {{106794}},
  author       = {{Piniewski, Mikołaj and Čerkasova, Natalja and Plunge, Svajunas and Strauch, Michael and Schürz, Christoph and Braun, Péter and Chiaradia, Enrico Antonio and Eichenberger, Joana and Eini, Mohammad Reza and Farkas, Csilla and Forio, Marie Anne Eurie and Goethals, Peter and Kassai, Piroska and Marval, Štěpán and Panique Casso, Diego Gustavo and Sanguanini, Lorenzo and Shore, Moritz and Szabó, Brigitta and Slavík, Petr and Witing, Felix}},
  issn         = {{1364-8152}},
  journal      = {{ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{16}},
  title        = {{Enhanced crop calibration for SWAT+ : evaluating water, sediment and nutrient impacts across ten European catchments}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106794}},
  volume       = {{196}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}
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