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The dietary management of sodium in children with kidney diseases : clinical practice recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce

José Renken-Terhaerdt, An Desloovere (UGent) , Michiel JS Oosterveld, Nonnie Polderman, Evelien Snauwaert (UGent) , Stella Stabouli, Johan Vande Walle (UGent) , Caroline Anderson, Sheridan Collins, Larry A. Greenbaum, et al.
(2025) PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY.
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Abstract
Sodium imbalance is a common concern in children with kidney diseases, presenting as either sodium excess or sodium deficit, each with significant clinical implications. Sodium excess contributes to fluid overload and hypertension, while increased sodium losses, particularly via urine or peritoneal fluid, can predispose patients to hypotension and growth failure. Effective sodium management is thus a critical component of care in pediatric kidney diseases, with dietary sodium intake playing a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis. The Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce (PRNT) has developed clinical practice recommendations (CPRs) for dietary sodium management in children with kidney diseases, addressing key aspects of sodium balance, including primary dietary sources, nutritional assessment of sodium intake, non-dietary factors influencing sodium balance, and recommended intakes. Strategies for reducing sodium intake in cases of sodium excess and augmenting intake in patients with increased sodium losses are also provided. The consensus of international experts was assessed through a Delphi process. These CPRs will be regularly updated by the PRNT.
Keywords
Sodium, Salt, Kidney diseases, Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce, Clinical practice recommendations, BLOOD-PRESSURE, SALT, METAANALYSIS, RESTRICTION, ADOLESCENTS, SENSITIVITY, DIALYSIS, CHLORIDE, GROWTH

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MLA
Renken-Terhaerdt, José, et al. “The Dietary Management of Sodium in Children with Kidney Diseases : Clinical Practice Recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce.” PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY, 2025, doi:10.1007/s00467-025-06913-z.
APA
Renken-Terhaerdt, J., Desloovere, A., Oosterveld, M. J., Polderman, N., Snauwaert, E., Stabouli, S., … Paglialonga, F. (2025). The dietary management of sodium in children with kidney diseases : clinical practice recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce. PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-025-06913-z
Chicago author-date
Renken-Terhaerdt, José, An Desloovere, Michiel JS Oosterveld, Nonnie Polderman, Evelien Snauwaert, Stella Stabouli, Johan Vande Walle, et al. 2025. “The Dietary Management of Sodium in Children with Kidney Diseases : Clinical Practice Recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce.” PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-025-06913-z.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Renken-Terhaerdt, José, An Desloovere, Michiel JS Oosterveld, Nonnie Polderman, Evelien Snauwaert, Stella Stabouli, Johan Vande Walle, Caroline Anderson, Sheridan Collins, Larry A. Greenbaum, Matthew Harmer, Lyndsay Harshman, Christina L. Nelms, Pearl Pugh, Vanessa Shaw, Jetta Tuokkola, Molly R. Wong Vega, Bradley A. Warady, Rukshana Shroff, and Fabio Paglialonga. 2025. “The Dietary Management of Sodium in Children with Kidney Diseases : Clinical Practice Recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce.” PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY. doi:10.1007/s00467-025-06913-z.
Vancouver
1.
Renken-Terhaerdt J, Desloovere A, Oosterveld MJ, Polderman N, Snauwaert E, Stabouli S, et al. The dietary management of sodium in children with kidney diseases : clinical practice recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce. PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY. 2025;
IEEE
[1]
J. Renken-Terhaerdt et al., “The dietary management of sodium in children with kidney diseases : clinical practice recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce,” PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY, 2025.
@article{01KADDQ56GT2VW4Y88HNEZP8VP,
  abstract     = {{Sodium imbalance is a common concern in children with kidney diseases, presenting as either sodium excess or sodium deficit, each with significant clinical implications. Sodium excess contributes to fluid overload and hypertension, while increased sodium losses, particularly via urine or peritoneal fluid, can predispose patients to hypotension and growth failure. Effective sodium management is thus a critical component of care in pediatric kidney diseases, with dietary sodium intake playing a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis. The Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce (PRNT) has developed clinical practice recommendations (CPRs) for dietary sodium management in children with kidney diseases, addressing key aspects of sodium balance, including primary dietary sources, nutritional assessment of sodium intake, non-dietary factors influencing sodium balance, and recommended intakes. Strategies for reducing sodium intake in cases of sodium excess and augmenting intake in patients with increased sodium losses are also provided. The consensus of international experts was assessed through a Delphi process. These CPRs will be regularly updated by the PRNT.}},
  author       = {{Renken-Terhaerdt, José and Desloovere, An and Oosterveld, Michiel JS and Polderman, Nonnie and Snauwaert, Evelien and Stabouli, Stella and Vande Walle, Johan and Anderson, Caroline and Collins, Sheridan and Greenbaum, Larry A. and Harmer, Matthew and Harshman, Lyndsay and Nelms, Christina L. and Pugh, Pearl and Shaw, Vanessa and Tuokkola, Jetta and Vega, Molly R. Wong and Warady, Bradley A. and Shroff, Rukshana and Paglialonga, Fabio}},
  issn         = {{0931-041X}},
  journal      = {{PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{Sodium,Salt,Kidney diseases,Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce,Clinical practice recommendations,BLOOD-PRESSURE,SALT,METAANALYSIS,RESTRICTION,ADOLESCENTS,SENSITIVITY,DIALYSIS,CHLORIDE,GROWTH}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{22}},
  title        = {{The dietary management of sodium in children with kidney diseases : clinical practice recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-025-06913-z}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}
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