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Application of bilayer membranes for the production of concentrated LiOH from LiCl through chlor-alkali membrane cell electrolysis

Guillaume Henderson (UGent) , Arnout D'Haese (UGent) , Elias De Ketelaere (UGent) , Luiza Bonin (UGent) and Wouter Schutyser
(2026) SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY. 382(part 2).
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Abstract
LiCl is the predominant salt extracted from primary and secondary sources and is converted into battery grade Li2CO3 through Na2CO3 addition. A promising and more sustainable alternative is the conversion of LiCl via chlor-alkali-style membrane electrolyzers, producing LiOH as a battery precursor. For this, bilayer membranes offer superior hydroxide blocking ability due to their sulfonic- and carboxylic acid layer, enabling the production of more concentrated LiOH with higher current efficiency compared to monolayer sulfonic acid membranes. A comparison with NaCl and KCl electrolysis exposed that LiCl electrolysis suffers from a higher electroosmotic flow through the membrane, reducing membrane permselectivity, product purity and blister tolerance. Minimizing the electroosmotic flow in LiCl electrolysis was achieved by testing different bilayer membranes (Flemion F-9010, Nafion Ne 2060 and Aciplex F-2205D), anolyte and catholyte concentrations, temperatures and current densities. Under optimal conditions (4.5 M LiCl, 3 M LiOH, 2500 A m(-2), and 82 degrees C), the bilayered Aciplex F-2205D yielded a maximum current efficiency of 73.8 %, an energy consumption of 7.49 kWh kg(-1) LiOH and a final LiOH concentration of 3.76 M LiOH. A lower membrane swelling degree by reducing the ion-exchange capacity could improve the membrane permselectivity further and improve LiCl electrolysis efficiency. These findings highlight the potential of bilayer membranes for efficient LiCl electrolysis, paving the way for more concentrated LiOH production with a lower energy consumption.
Keywords
LiCl electrolysis, Bilayer membrane, High LiOH concentration, Electroosmosis, Chlor-alkali, EXCHANGE MEMBRANES, LITHIUM HYDROXIDE, LAKE BRINES, ELECTRODIALYSIS, PERMEATION, CONVERSION, CHLORIDE, ENERGY, MODEL, IONS

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Citation

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MLA
Henderson, Guillaume, et al. “Application of Bilayer Membranes for the Production of Concentrated LiOH from LiCl through Chlor-Alkali Membrane Cell Electrolysis.” SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, vol. 382, no. part 2, 2026, doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2025.135859.
APA
Henderson, G., D’Haese, A., De Ketelaere, E., Bonin, L., & Schutyser, W. (2026). Application of bilayer membranes for the production of concentrated LiOH from LiCl through chlor-alkali membrane cell electrolysis. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, 382(part 2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.135859
Chicago author-date
Henderson, Guillaume, Arnout D’Haese, Elias De Ketelaere, Luiza Bonin, and Wouter Schutyser. 2026. “Application of Bilayer Membranes for the Production of Concentrated LiOH from LiCl through Chlor-Alkali Membrane Cell Electrolysis.” SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY 382 (part 2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.135859.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Henderson, Guillaume, Arnout D’Haese, Elias De Ketelaere, Luiza Bonin, and Wouter Schutyser. 2026. “Application of Bilayer Membranes for the Production of Concentrated LiOH from LiCl through Chlor-Alkali Membrane Cell Electrolysis.” SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY 382 (part 2). doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2025.135859.
Vancouver
1.
Henderson G, D’Haese A, De Ketelaere E, Bonin L, Schutyser W. Application of bilayer membranes for the production of concentrated LiOH from LiCl through chlor-alkali membrane cell electrolysis. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY. 2026;382(part 2).
IEEE
[1]
G. Henderson, A. D’Haese, E. De Ketelaere, L. Bonin, and W. Schutyser, “Application of bilayer membranes for the production of concentrated LiOH from LiCl through chlor-alkali membrane cell electrolysis,” SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, vol. 382, no. part 2, 2026.
@article{01KA75W2Q8KA7R5Q97EWNY0JZ6,
  abstract     = {{LiCl is the predominant salt extracted from primary and secondary sources and is converted into battery grade Li2CO3 through Na2CO3 addition. A promising and more sustainable alternative is the conversion of LiCl via chlor-alkali-style membrane electrolyzers, producing LiOH as a battery precursor. For this, bilayer membranes offer superior hydroxide blocking ability due to their sulfonic- and carboxylic acid layer, enabling the production of more concentrated LiOH with higher current efficiency compared to monolayer sulfonic acid membranes. A comparison with NaCl and KCl electrolysis exposed that LiCl electrolysis suffers from a higher electroosmotic flow through the membrane, reducing membrane permselectivity, product purity and blister tolerance. Minimizing the electroosmotic flow in LiCl electrolysis was achieved by testing different bilayer membranes (Flemion F-9010, Nafion Ne 2060 and Aciplex F-2205D), anolyte and catholyte concentrations, temperatures and current densities. Under optimal conditions (4.5 M LiCl, 3 M LiOH, 2500 A m(-2), and 82 degrees C), the bilayered Aciplex F-2205D yielded a maximum current efficiency of 73.8 %, an energy consumption of 7.49 kWh kg(-1) LiOH and a final LiOH concentration of 3.76 M LiOH. A lower membrane swelling degree by reducing the ion-exchange capacity could improve the membrane permselectivity further and improve LiCl electrolysis efficiency. These findings highlight the potential of bilayer membranes for efficient LiCl electrolysis, paving the way for more concentrated LiOH production with a lower energy consumption.}},
  articleno    = {{135859}},
  author       = {{Henderson, Guillaume and D'Haese, Arnout and De Ketelaere, Elias and Bonin, Luiza and Schutyser, Wouter}},
  issn         = {{1383-5866}},
  journal      = {{SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{LiCl electrolysis,Bilayer membrane,High LiOH concentration,Electroosmosis,Chlor-alkali,EXCHANGE MEMBRANES,LITHIUM HYDROXIDE,LAKE BRINES,ELECTRODIALYSIS,PERMEATION,CONVERSION,CHLORIDE,ENERGY,MODEL,IONS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{part 2}},
  pages        = {{13}},
  title        = {{Application of bilayer membranes for the production of concentrated LiOH from LiCl through chlor-alkali membrane cell electrolysis}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.135859}},
  volume       = {{382}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}
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