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Mucosal administration of lipid nanoparticles containing self-amplifying mRNA induces local uptake and expression in a pig model as a potential vaccination platform against STIs

Ibe Van de Casteele (UGent) , Magalie Plovyt, Magdalena Stuchlíková, Michiel Lanssens, Ben Verschueren, Quenten Denon (UGent) , Paul Van der Meeren (UGent) , Séan Mc Cafferty, Arlieke Gitsels, Pieter Cornillie (UGent) , et al.
(2026) DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH. 16(1). p.330-346
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Abstract
Mucosal vaccination generates protective immune responses directly at the primary site of STI infection. However, the delivery of nanoparticles is hindered by the mucus barrier at these mucosal surfaces. Due to this interference, research on mucosal administration of self-amplifying (sa)-mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) is currently limited and inconsistent. Some progress has been reported for nasal mRNA vaccination. However, for STIs, protective immune responses are required at the urogenital tract, which is achieved through intravaginal or intranasal administration. Therefore, in this research, we aimed to determine whether an sa-mRNA-LNP reporter vaccine could be effectively administered mucosally, evaluating its potential as a novel platform for STI vaccination. The sa-mRNA luciferase construct was encapsulated in two LNP formulations. In vitro studies demonstrated that these formulations maintained their potency after being sprayed with different sprayers and exposed to different mucus solutions, except for a human cervicovaginal simulant. Next, pigs received 15 µg of the sa-mRNA intravaginally and intranasally through a mucosal spray or injection. The mucosal spray resulted in expression and uptake only at the vaginal mucosa, whereas injection of the formulations resulted in expression at both mucosal sites. However, expression after spraying in the vaginal mucosa disappeared by day 4 post-administration. No differences were observed between both LNP formulations. These findings demonstrate that sa-mRNA can be used for mucosal administration, and expression can be achieved in a more relevant animal model. However, additional research is needed to develop more suitable particles for these complex environments.
Keywords
Self-amplifying mRNA-Lipid nanoparticles, Mucosal administration, Mucosal spray, Pig model, Sexually transmitted infections, SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, DELIVERY, VACCINES

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MLA
Van de Casteele, Ibe, et al. “Mucosal Administration of Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Self-Amplifying MRNA Induces Local Uptake and Expression in a Pig Model as a Potential Vaccination Platform against STIs.” DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH, vol. 16, no. 1, 2026, pp. 330–46, doi:10.1007/s13346-025-01877-x.
APA
Van de Casteele, I., Plovyt, M., Stuchlíková, M., Lanssens, M., Verschueren, B., Denon, Q., … Vanrompay, D. (2026). Mucosal administration of lipid nanoparticles containing self-amplifying mRNA induces local uptake and expression in a pig model as a potential vaccination platform against STIs. DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH, 16(1), 330–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-025-01877-x
Chicago author-date
Van de Casteele, Ibe, Magalie Plovyt, Magdalena Stuchlíková, Michiel Lanssens, Ben Verschueren, Quenten Denon, Paul Van der Meeren, et al. 2026. “Mucosal Administration of Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Self-Amplifying MRNA Induces Local Uptake and Expression in a Pig Model as a Potential Vaccination Platform against STIs.” DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH 16 (1): 330–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-025-01877-x.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Van de Casteele, Ibe, Magalie Plovyt, Magdalena Stuchlíková, Michiel Lanssens, Ben Verschueren, Quenten Denon, Paul Van der Meeren, Séan Mc Cafferty, Arlieke Gitsels, Pieter Cornillie, Niek Sanders, Aster Vandierendonck, Katrien C. K. Poelaert, and Daisy Vanrompay. 2026. “Mucosal Administration of Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Self-Amplifying MRNA Induces Local Uptake and Expression in a Pig Model as a Potential Vaccination Platform against STIs.” DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH 16 (1): 330–346. doi:10.1007/s13346-025-01877-x.
Vancouver
1.
Van de Casteele I, Plovyt M, Stuchlíková M, Lanssens M, Verschueren B, Denon Q, et al. Mucosal administration of lipid nanoparticles containing self-amplifying mRNA induces local uptake and expression in a pig model as a potential vaccination platform against STIs. DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH. 2026;16(1):330–46.
IEEE
[1]
I. Van de Casteele et al., “Mucosal administration of lipid nanoparticles containing self-amplifying mRNA induces local uptake and expression in a pig model as a potential vaccination platform against STIs,” DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 330–346, 2026.
@article{01K77NP4VJQAG1VT3V10RGJ1AY,
  abstract     = {{Mucosal vaccination generates protective immune responses directly at the primary site of STI infection. However, the delivery of nanoparticles is hindered by the mucus barrier at these mucosal surfaces. Due to this interference, research on mucosal administration of self-amplifying (sa)-mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) is currently limited and inconsistent. Some progress has been reported for nasal mRNA vaccination. However, for STIs, protective immune responses are required at the urogenital tract, which is achieved through intravaginal or intranasal administration. Therefore, in this research, we aimed to determine whether an sa-mRNA-LNP reporter vaccine could be effectively administered mucosally, evaluating its potential as a novel platform for STI vaccination. The sa-mRNA luciferase construct was encapsulated in two LNP formulations. In vitro studies demonstrated that these formulations maintained their potency after being sprayed with different sprayers and exposed to different mucus solutions, except for a human cervicovaginal simulant. Next, pigs received 15 µg of the sa-mRNA intravaginally and intranasally through a mucosal spray or injection. The mucosal spray resulted in expression and uptake only at the vaginal mucosa, whereas injection of the formulations resulted in expression at both mucosal sites. However, expression after spraying in the vaginal mucosa disappeared by day 4 post-administration. No differences were observed between both LNP formulations. These findings demonstrate that sa-mRNA can be used for mucosal administration, and expression can be achieved in a more relevant animal model. However, additional research is needed to develop more suitable particles for these complex environments.}},
  author       = {{Van de Casteele, Ibe and Plovyt, Magalie and Stuchlíková, Magdalena and Lanssens, Michiel and Verschueren, Ben and Denon, Quenten and Van der Meeren, Paul and Mc Cafferty, Séan and Gitsels, Arlieke and Cornillie, Pieter and Sanders, Niek and Vandierendonck, Aster and Poelaert, Katrien C. K. and Vanrompay, Daisy}},
  issn         = {{2190-393X}},
  journal      = {{DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH}},
  keywords     = {{Self-amplifying mRNA-Lipid nanoparticles,Mucosal administration,Mucosal spray,Pig model,Sexually transmitted infections,SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS,DELIVERY,VACCINES}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{330--346}},
  title        = {{Mucosal administration of lipid nanoparticles containing self-amplifying mRNA induces local uptake and expression in a pig model as a potential vaccination platform against STIs}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-025-01877-x}},
  volume       = {{16}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}
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