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Towards an observationally motivated AGN dusty torus model : II. The roles of density distribution and chemical composition of the dust

Omar Ulises Reyes-Amador, Omaira González-Martín, Jacopo Fritz, Maarten Baes (UGent) , Sundar Srinivasan, Ismael García-Bernete, Donaji Esparza-Arredondo and Marko Stalevski (UGent)
(2025) MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY. 543(1). p.813-840
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Abstract
Several models of nuclear dust in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have been proposed to determine its physical and geometrical properties, usually assuming the dust density distribution as the main aspect producing differences in the mid-infrared (MIR) emission of AGNs. We present a study of the MIR emission of nearby AGNs by exploring the effects of dust distribution and chemical composition on the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) using radiative transfer simulations. Our model grid includes smooth, clumpy, and two-phase dust distributions, combined with two dust compositions: the interstellar medium (ISM) dust composition including large grains (up to 10 μm), and the oxide/silicate-based composition obtained in our previous work. A synthetic SED library was generated and analysed both on a model-to-model basis and with observed MIR spectra from 68 AGNs. We found that both dust distribution and composition significantly influence the spectral shape and silicate features at 10 and 18 μm, especially at edge-on orientations. Smooth distribution produces stronger and broader absorption features, while clumpy distribution enhances silicate emission. Two-phase distributions exhibit intermediate characteristics depending on clumpiness (fcl) and filling factor (ffill). The ISM composition with large grains better reproduces observations, particularly with Type-2 SEDs, independently of dust distribution. The oxide/silicate-based composition provides more good fits with Type-1 SEDs for fcl ≤ 0.5, and with Type-2 SEDs for fcl ≥ 0.9. This work shows that none of the considered combinations of dust distribution and composition reproduces all observed spectra.
Keywords
radiative transfer, (ISM:) dust, extinction, galaxies: active, galaxies: nuclei, galaxies: Seyfert, infrared: galaxies, ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI, RADIATION-DRIVEN FOUNTAIN, SILICATE EMISSION, INFRARED-SPECTRA, MIDINFRARED SEDS, MAGELLANIC-CLOUD, MOLECULAR TORI, TRANSFER CODE, MILKY-WAY, GALAXIES

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Citation

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MLA
Reyes-Amador, Omar Ulises, et al. “Towards an Observationally Motivated AGN Dusty Torus Model : II. The Roles of Density Distribution and Chemical Composition of the Dust.” MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 543, no. 1, 2025, pp. 813–40, doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1494.
APA
Reyes-Amador, O. U., González-Martín, O., Fritz, J., Baes, M., Srinivasan, S., García-Bernete, I., … Stalevski, M. (2025). Towards an observationally motivated AGN dusty torus model : II. The roles of density distribution and chemical composition of the dust. MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, 543(1), 813–840. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1494
Chicago author-date
Reyes-Amador, Omar Ulises, Omaira González-Martín, Jacopo Fritz, Maarten Baes, Sundar Srinivasan, Ismael García-Bernete, Donaji Esparza-Arredondo, and Marko Stalevski. 2025. “Towards an Observationally Motivated AGN Dusty Torus Model : II. The Roles of Density Distribution and Chemical Composition of the Dust.” MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 543 (1): 813–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1494.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Reyes-Amador, Omar Ulises, Omaira González-Martín, Jacopo Fritz, Maarten Baes, Sundar Srinivasan, Ismael García-Bernete, Donaji Esparza-Arredondo, and Marko Stalevski. 2025. “Towards an Observationally Motivated AGN Dusty Torus Model : II. The Roles of Density Distribution and Chemical Composition of the Dust.” MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 543 (1): 813–840. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1494.
Vancouver
1.
Reyes-Amador OU, González-Martín O, Fritz J, Baes M, Srinivasan S, García-Bernete I, et al. Towards an observationally motivated AGN dusty torus model : II. The roles of density distribution and chemical composition of the dust. MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY. 2025;543(1):813–40.
IEEE
[1]
O. U. Reyes-Amador et al., “Towards an observationally motivated AGN dusty torus model : II. The roles of density distribution and chemical composition of the dust,” MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 543, no. 1, pp. 813–840, 2025.
@article{01K5X7NR068SKXPQTP5BGKG7B0,
  abstract     = {{Several models of nuclear dust in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have been proposed to determine its physical and geometrical properties, usually assuming the dust density distribution as the main aspect producing differences in the mid-infrared (MIR) emission of AGNs. We present a study of the MIR emission of nearby AGNs by exploring the effects of dust distribution and chemical composition on the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) using radiative transfer simulations. Our model grid includes smooth, clumpy, and two-phase dust distributions, combined with two dust compositions: the interstellar medium (ISM) dust composition including large grains (up to 10 μm), and the oxide/silicate-based composition obtained in our previous work. A synthetic SED library was generated and analysed both on a model-to-model basis and with observed MIR spectra from 68 AGNs. We found that both dust distribution and composition significantly influence the spectral shape and silicate features at 10 and 18 μm, especially at edge-on orientations. Smooth distribution produces stronger and broader absorption features, while clumpy distribution enhances silicate emission. Two-phase distributions exhibit intermediate characteristics depending on clumpiness (fcl) and filling factor (ffill). The ISM composition with large grains better reproduces observations, particularly with Type-2 SEDs, independently of dust distribution. The oxide/silicate-based composition provides more good fits with Type-1 SEDs for fcl ≤ 0.5, and with Type-2 SEDs for fcl ≥ 0.9. This work shows that none of the considered combinations of dust distribution and composition reproduces all observed spectra.}},
  author       = {{Reyes-Amador, Omar Ulises and González-Martín, Omaira and Fritz, Jacopo and Baes, Maarten and Srinivasan, Sundar and García-Bernete, Ismael and Esparza-Arredondo, Donaji and Stalevski, Marko}},
  issn         = {{0035-8711}},
  journal      = {{MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY}},
  keywords     = {{radiative transfer,(ISM:) dust, extinction,galaxies: active,galaxies: nuclei,galaxies: Seyfert,infrared: galaxies,ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI,RADIATION-DRIVEN FOUNTAIN,SILICATE EMISSION,INFRARED-SPECTRA,MIDINFRARED SEDS,MAGELLANIC-CLOUD,MOLECULAR TORI,TRANSFER CODE,MILKY-WAY,GALAXIES}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{813--840}},
  title        = {{Towards an observationally motivated AGN dusty torus model : II. The roles of density distribution and chemical composition of the dust}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1494}},
  volume       = {{543}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}
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