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A partitioned interface-tracking method for convective melting of constrained saturated solids

Victor Van Riet (UGent) , Wim Beyne (UGent) and Joris Degroote (UGent)
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Abstract
This paper introduces a novel partitioned approach for simulating solid–liquid phase change, specifically applied to the convective melting of constrained saturated solids. This method uses separate solvers for the solid and liquid phases, achieving a coupled solution by exchanging variables at the interface, specifically heat flux and displacement at the interface. The interface displacement is determined by enforcing the Stefan condition at the cell faces on the interface. To update the solver grids, displacement at the face nodes is required, leading to the development of a conservative face-to-node interpolation technique. Additionally, the mass and heat added to the liquid domain during melting are compensated by source terms based on the swept volume of the cell faces at the interface. The partitioned approach is validated through two test cases: the one-phase Stefan problem and tin melting in a cavity with natural convection. The Stefan problem, a one-dimensional conduction-only problem with an analytical solution, shows nearly exact agreement with the numerical results. For the two-dimensional convection–diffusion melting problem, the approach demonstrates excellent agreement in terms of interface position, liquid fraction, heat flux, and velocities over time. The expected multi-cellular convection patterns were also achieved. However, minor discrepancies were noted in the merging times of the convection bubbles, primarily due to the liquid solver rather than the coupling algorithm.
Keywords
Partitioned method, Solid–liquid phase change, Constrained melting, Front-tracking, Moving-boundary problem, Numerical simulation, FINITE-ELEMENT-METHOD, PHASE-CHANGE PROBLEMS, SOLIDIFICATION, SIMULATION, BOUNDARY, SOLVERS, GROWTH, MODEL

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MLA
Van Riet, Victor, et al. “A Partitioned Interface-Tracking Method for Convective Melting of Constrained Saturated Solids.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER, vol. 254, 2026, doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127659.
APA
Van Riet, V., Beyne, W., & Degroote, J. (2026). A partitioned interface-tracking method for convective melting of constrained saturated solids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER, 254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127659
Chicago author-date
Van Riet, Victor, Wim Beyne, and Joris Degroote. 2026. “A Partitioned Interface-Tracking Method for Convective Melting of Constrained Saturated Solids.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127659.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Van Riet, Victor, Wim Beyne, and Joris Degroote. 2026. “A Partitioned Interface-Tracking Method for Convective Melting of Constrained Saturated Solids.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 254. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127659.
Vancouver
1.
Van Riet V, Beyne W, Degroote J. A partitioned interface-tracking method for convective melting of constrained saturated solids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER. 2026;254.
IEEE
[1]
V. Van Riet, W. Beyne, and J. Degroote, “A partitioned interface-tracking method for convective melting of constrained saturated solids,” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER, vol. 254, 2026.
@article{01K33APWRPJ9QTW6B9MC22VXF8,
  abstract     = {{This paper introduces a novel partitioned approach for simulating solid–liquid phase change, specifically applied to the convective melting of constrained saturated solids. This method uses separate solvers for the solid and liquid phases, achieving a coupled solution by exchanging variables at the interface, specifically heat flux and displacement at the interface. The interface displacement is determined by enforcing the Stefan condition at the cell faces on the interface. To update the solver grids, displacement at the face nodes is required, leading to the development of a conservative face-to-node interpolation technique. Additionally, the mass and heat added to the liquid domain during melting are compensated by source terms based on the swept volume of the cell faces at the interface.
The partitioned approach is validated through two test cases: the one-phase Stefan problem and tin melting in a cavity with natural convection. The Stefan problem, a one-dimensional conduction-only problem with an analytical solution, shows nearly exact agreement with the numerical results. For the two-dimensional convection–diffusion melting problem, the approach demonstrates excellent agreement in terms of interface position, liquid fraction, heat flux, and velocities over time. The expected multi-cellular convection patterns were also achieved. However, minor discrepancies were noted in the merging times of the convection bubbles, primarily due to the liquid solver rather than the coupling algorithm.}},
  articleno    = {{127659}},
  author       = {{Van Riet, Victor and Beyne, Wim and Degroote, Joris}},
  issn         = {{0017-9310}},
  journal      = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER}},
  keywords     = {{Partitioned method,Solid–liquid phase change,Constrained melting,Front-tracking,Moving-boundary problem,Numerical simulation,FINITE-ELEMENT-METHOD,PHASE-CHANGE PROBLEMS,SOLIDIFICATION,SIMULATION,BOUNDARY,SOLVERS,GROWTH,MODEL}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{14}},
  title        = {{A partitioned interface-tracking method for convective melting of constrained saturated solids}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127659}},
  volume       = {{254}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}

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