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Impact of BTV-3 circulation in Belgium in 2024 and current knowledge gaps hindering an evidence-based control program

Virginie Van Leeuw, Ilse De Leeuw, Nicolas Degives, Pieter Depoorter, Jeroen Dewulf (UGent) , Jean-Baptiste Hanon, Jozef Hooyberghs, Annick Linden, Laura Praet, Marc Raemaekers, et al.
(2025) VIRUSES-BASEL. 17(4).
Author
Organization
Abstract
Between 2006 and 2010, northwestern Europe experienced its first significant bluetongue virus (BTV) outbreak, driven by the spread of BTV-8, which had major repercussions on the European livestock sector. While BTV-3 was first identified in Europe in Italy in 2017, a new introduction of the virus was reported in 2023, in the Netherlands, and subsequently spread rapidly across the continent. A limited number of BTV-3 outbreaks were notified in Belgium in 2023, leading to the loss of its BTV-free status. In the following year, 2024, the virus spread throughout the country in a short time period. This study describes the impact of BTV-3 circulation in Belgium in 2024, detailing both its geographic spread and the associated increase in mortality, reduced births recorded, and decline in milk production among ruminants. Furthermore, preliminary results on the effectiveness of field vaccination and maternal immunity transfer are presented, as well as critical gaps that hinder the development of a robust, evidence-based management strategy. As the epidemiological situation is expected to become more complex in the future, due to the co-circulation of multiple BTV serotypes and other Culicoides-borne diseases, such as EHDV, effective collaboration and communication among stakeholders and international authorities will be crucial for implementing measures to mitigate the spread of these diseases.
Keywords
bluetongue, virology, epidemiology, vector-borne disease, animal health, vaccination, VIRUS SEROTYPE 8, BLUETONGUE VIRUS, INACTIVATED VACCINE, INFECTION, EPIDEMIOLOGY, TRANSMISSION, FERTILITY, CATTLE, SHEEP

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Citation

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MLA
Van Leeuw, Virginie, et al. “Impact of BTV-3 Circulation in Belgium in 2024 and Current Knowledge Gaps Hindering an Evidence-Based Control Program.” VIRUSES-BASEL, vol. 17, no. 4, 2025, doi:10.3390/v17040521.
APA
Van Leeuw, V., De Leeuw, I., Degives, N., Depoorter, P., Dewulf, J., Hanon, J.-B., … De Regge, N. (2025). Impact of BTV-3 circulation in Belgium in 2024 and current knowledge gaps hindering an evidence-based control program. VIRUSES-BASEL, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/v17040521
Chicago author-date
Van Leeuw, Virginie, Ilse De Leeuw, Nicolas Degives, Pieter Depoorter, Jeroen Dewulf, Jean-Baptiste Hanon, Jozef Hooyberghs, et al. 2025. “Impact of BTV-3 Circulation in Belgium in 2024 and Current Knowledge Gaps Hindering an Evidence-Based Control Program.” VIRUSES-BASEL 17 (4). https://doi.org/10.3390/v17040521.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Van Leeuw, Virginie, Ilse De Leeuw, Nicolas Degives, Pieter Depoorter, Jeroen Dewulf, Jean-Baptiste Hanon, Jozef Hooyberghs, Annick Linden, Laura Praet, Marc Raemaekers, Claude Saegerman, Xavier Simons, Charlotte Sohier, Norbert Steurbaut, Amandine Sury, Etienne Thiry, Stephan Zientara, Axel Mauroy, and Nick De Regge. 2025. “Impact of BTV-3 Circulation in Belgium in 2024 and Current Knowledge Gaps Hindering an Evidence-Based Control Program.” VIRUSES-BASEL 17 (4). doi:10.3390/v17040521.
Vancouver
1.
Van Leeuw V, De Leeuw I, Degives N, Depoorter P, Dewulf J, Hanon J-B, et al. Impact of BTV-3 circulation in Belgium in 2024 and current knowledge gaps hindering an evidence-based control program. VIRUSES-BASEL. 2025;17(4).
IEEE
[1]
V. Van Leeuw et al., “Impact of BTV-3 circulation in Belgium in 2024 and current knowledge gaps hindering an evidence-based control program,” VIRUSES-BASEL, vol. 17, no. 4, 2025.
@article{01K1ZK5C5YR6KHDDQHXKN9AMZ2,
  abstract     = {{Between 2006 and 2010, northwestern Europe experienced its first significant bluetongue virus (BTV) outbreak, driven by the spread of BTV-8, which had major repercussions on the European livestock sector. While BTV-3 was first identified in Europe in Italy in 2017, a new introduction of the virus was reported in 2023, in the Netherlands, and subsequently spread rapidly across the continent. A limited number of BTV-3 outbreaks were notified in Belgium in 2023, leading to the loss of its BTV-free status. In the following year, 2024, the virus spread throughout the country in a short time period. This study describes the impact of BTV-3 circulation in Belgium in 2024, detailing both its geographic spread and the associated increase in mortality, reduced births recorded, and decline in milk production among ruminants. Furthermore, preliminary results on the effectiveness of field vaccination and maternal immunity transfer are presented, as well as critical gaps that hinder the development of a robust, evidence-based management strategy. As the epidemiological situation is expected to become more complex in the future, due to the co-circulation of multiple BTV serotypes and other Culicoides-borne diseases, such as EHDV, effective collaboration and communication among stakeholders and international authorities will be crucial for implementing measures to mitigate the spread of these diseases.}},
  articleno    = {{521}},
  author       = {{Van Leeuw, Virginie and De Leeuw, Ilse and Degives, Nicolas and Depoorter, Pieter and Dewulf, Jeroen and Hanon, Jean-Baptiste and Hooyberghs, Jozef and Linden, Annick and Praet, Laura and Raemaekers, Marc and Saegerman, Claude and Simons, Xavier and Sohier, Charlotte and Steurbaut, Norbert and Sury, Amandine and Thiry, Etienne and Zientara, Stephan and Mauroy, Axel and De Regge, Nick}},
  issn         = {{1999-4915}},
  journal      = {{VIRUSES-BASEL}},
  keywords     = {{bluetongue,virology,epidemiology,vector-borne disease,animal health,vaccination,VIRUS SEROTYPE 8,BLUETONGUE VIRUS,INACTIVATED VACCINE,INFECTION,EPIDEMIOLOGY,TRANSMISSION,FERTILITY,CATTLE,SHEEP}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{4}},
  pages        = {{19}},
  title        = {{Impact of BTV-3 circulation in Belgium in 2024 and current knowledge gaps hindering an evidence-based control program}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.3390/v17040521}},
  volume       = {{17}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}
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