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Aquatic and soil CO2 emissions from forested wetlands of Congo's Cuvette Centrale

Antoine de Clippele, Astrid C. H. Jaeger, Simon Baumgartner, Marijn Bauters (UGent) , Pascal Boeckx (UGent) , Clement Botefa, Glenn Bush, Jessica Carilli, Travis W. Drake, Christian Ekamba, et al.
(2025) BIOGEOSCIENCES. 22(12). p.3011-3027
Author
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Abstract
Within tropical forest ecosystems, wetlands such as swamp forests are an important interface between the terrestrial and aquatic landscape. Despite this assumed importance, there is a paucity of carbon flux data from wetlands in tropical Africa. Therefore, the magnitude and source of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes, carbon isotopic ratios, and environmental conditions were measured for 3 years between 2019 and 2022 in a seasonally flooded forest and a perennially flooded forest in the Cuvette Centrale of the Congo Basin. The mean surface fluxes for the seasonally flooded site and the perennially flooded site were 2.36 +/- 0.51 and 4.38 +/- 0.64 mu molm-2s-1, respectively. The time series data revealed no marked seasonal pattern in CO2 fluxes. As for the environmental drivers, the fluxes at the seasonally flooded site exhibited a positive correlation with soil temperature and soil moisture. Additionally, the water level appeared to be a significant factor, demonstrating a quadratic relationship with the soil fluxes at the seasonally flooded site. delta 13C values showed a progressive increase across the carbon pools, from aboveground biomass to leaf litter and then to soil organic carbon (SOC). However, there was no significant difference in delta 13C enrichment between SOC and soil-respired CO2. This lack of enrichment can be attributed to either a significant contribution from the autotrophic component of soil respiration or closed system dynamics.An in-situ-derived gas transfer velocity (k600=2.95 cm h-1) was used to calculate the aquatic CO2 fluxes at the perennially flooded site. Despite the low k600, relatively high CO2 surface fluxes were found due to very high partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) values measured in the flooding waters. Overall, these results offer a quantification of the CO2 fluxes from forested wetlands and provide insights into the temporal variability of these fluxes and their sensitivity to environmental drivers.
Keywords
Q-ForestLab, GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS, AMAZONIAN RAIN-FOREST, CARBON-DIOXIDE, ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION, TROPICAL FOREST, NITROUS-OXIDE, EFFLUX, RESPIRATION, METHANE, N2O, CBCE

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MLA
de Clippele, Antoine, et al. “Aquatic and Soil CO2 Emissions from Forested Wetlands of Congo’s Cuvette Centrale.” BIOGEOSCIENCES, vol. 22, no. 12, 2025, pp. 3011–27, doi:10.5194/bg-22-3011-2025.
APA
de Clippele, A., C. H. Jaeger, A., Baumgartner, S., Bauters, M., Boeckx, P., Botefa, C., … Barthel, M. (2025). Aquatic and soil CO2 emissions from forested wetlands of Congo’s Cuvette Centrale. BIOGEOSCIENCES, 22(12), 3011–3027. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3011-2025
Chicago author-date
Clippele, Antoine de, Astrid C. H. Jaeger, Simon Baumgartner, Marijn Bauters, Pascal Boeckx, Clement Botefa, Glenn Bush, et al. 2025. “Aquatic and Soil CO2 Emissions from Forested Wetlands of Congo’s Cuvette Centrale.” BIOGEOSCIENCES 22 (12): 3011–27. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3011-2025.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
de Clippele, Antoine, Astrid C. H. Jaeger, Simon Baumgartner, Marijn Bauters, Pascal Boeckx, Clement Botefa, Glenn Bush, Jessica Carilli, Travis W. Drake, Christian Ekamba, Gode Lompoko, Nivens Bey Mukwiele, Kristof Van Oost, Roland A. Werner, Joseph Zambo, Johan Six, and Matti Barthel. 2025. “Aquatic and Soil CO2 Emissions from Forested Wetlands of Congo’s Cuvette Centrale.” BIOGEOSCIENCES 22 (12): 3011–3027. doi:10.5194/bg-22-3011-2025.
Vancouver
1.
de Clippele A, C. H. Jaeger A, Baumgartner S, Bauters M, Boeckx P, Botefa C, et al. Aquatic and soil CO2 emissions from forested wetlands of Congo’s Cuvette Centrale. BIOGEOSCIENCES. 2025;22(12):3011–27.
IEEE
[1]
A. de Clippele et al., “Aquatic and soil CO2 emissions from forested wetlands of Congo’s Cuvette Centrale,” BIOGEOSCIENCES, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 3011–3027, 2025.
@article{01JZ02VPC45F8VY05XEFNDEBR7,
  abstract     = {{Within tropical forest ecosystems, wetlands such as swamp forests are an important interface between the terrestrial and aquatic landscape. Despite this assumed importance, there is a paucity of carbon flux data from wetlands in tropical Africa. Therefore, the magnitude and source of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes, carbon isotopic ratios, and environmental conditions were measured for 3 years between 2019 and 2022 in a seasonally flooded forest and a perennially flooded forest in the Cuvette Centrale of the Congo Basin. The mean surface fluxes for the seasonally flooded site and the perennially flooded site were 2.36 +/- 0.51 and 4.38 +/- 0.64 mu molm-2s-1, respectively. The time series data revealed no marked seasonal pattern in CO2 fluxes. As for the environmental drivers, the fluxes at the seasonally flooded site exhibited a positive correlation with soil temperature and soil moisture. Additionally, the water level appeared to be a significant factor, demonstrating a quadratic relationship with the soil fluxes at the seasonally flooded site. delta 13C values showed a progressive increase across the carbon pools, from aboveground biomass to leaf litter and then to soil organic carbon (SOC). However, there was no significant difference in delta 13C enrichment between SOC and soil-respired CO2. This lack of enrichment can be attributed to either a significant contribution from the autotrophic component of soil respiration or closed system dynamics.An in-situ-derived gas transfer velocity (k600=2.95 cm h-1) was used to calculate the aquatic CO2 fluxes at the perennially flooded site. Despite the low k600, relatively high CO2 surface fluxes were found due to very high partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) values measured in the flooding waters. Overall, these results offer a quantification of the CO2 fluxes from forested wetlands and provide insights into the temporal variability of these fluxes and their sensitivity to environmental drivers.}},
  author       = {{de Clippele, Antoine and C. H. Jaeger, Astrid and Baumgartner, Simon and Bauters, Marijn and Boeckx, Pascal and Botefa, Clement and Bush, Glenn and Carilli, Jessica and W. Drake, Travis and Ekamba, Christian and Lompoko, Gode and Bey Mukwiele, Nivens and Van Oost, Kristof and A. Werner, Roland and Zambo, Joseph and Six, Johan and Barthel, Matti}},
  issn         = {{1726-4170}},
  journal      = {{BIOGEOSCIENCES}},
  keywords     = {{Q-ForestLab,GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS,AMAZONIAN RAIN-FOREST,CARBON-DIOXIDE,ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION,TROPICAL FOREST,NITROUS-OXIDE,EFFLUX,RESPIRATION,METHANE,N2O,CBCE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{12}},
  pages        = {{3011--3027}},
  title        = {{Aquatic and soil CO2 emissions from forested wetlands of Congo's Cuvette Centrale}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3011-2025}},
  volume       = {{22}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}
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