@article{01JYDR0M38JGR41H3ZKBB5J3HX,
  abstract     = {{It is estimated that around half of the primary energy use is currently lost in the form of residual heat. Furthermore, a major part of this is only recoverable at temperatures below 100 degrees C and under the form of sensible heat. To efficiently recover this low grade heat, specifically tailored thermodynamic cycles are necessary. This is where the partially evaporating organic Rankine cycle comes into play. Instead of achieving full evaporation, the working fluid is partially evaporated and expanded under two-phase conditions. This results in a better temperature profile matching between the heat source and the working fluid, which results in higher exergy efficiencies of the cycle. This process results in additional effects previously not encountered during superheated single phase gas expansion. One of these is the non-equilibrium effect during flashing of the two-phase mixture. Therefore, in this work, the partial evaporating cycle is modelled with a state of the art expansion model taking the non-equilibrium effect into consideration. The results are compared to a standard approach assuming equilibrium conditions. The results indicate that non-equilibrium effects reduce the power output of the system by an average of 20% compared to the standard case with expansion under thermodynamic equilibrium. This is a non-negligible amount, and this effect should therefore be taken into consideration within further modelling. Additionally, to get insight into the design parameters, a comprehensive analysis of the boundary conditions of the cycle is made. This analysis showed that if the expander is increased in size, the operational point for optimum exergy efficiency shifts to lower vapour qualities but this also corresponds with a reduction in the expected net power recovery.}},
  articleno    = {{126682}},
  author       = {{van Heule, Xander and Couvreur, Kenny and De Paepe, Michel and Beyne, Wim and Lecompte, Steven}},
  issn         = {{1359-4311}},
  journal      = {{APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING}},
  keywords     = {{Non-equilibrium,Reciprocating expander,PEORC,HRM,Model,2-PHASE ADIABATIC EXPANSION,RECIPROCATING EXPANDER,PERFORMANCE,POWER}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{14}},
  title        = {{Sensitivity study of a partially evaporating organic Rankine cycle model with non-equilibrium expansion}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126682}},
  volume       = {{276}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

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