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Stuck in thought : temporal interplay between cognitive building blocks of rumination

Gerly Tamm (UGent) , Ernst Koster (UGent) , Teague Henry and Kristof Hoorelbeke (UGent)
(2025) BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH AND THERAPY. 192.
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Abstract
Theoretical models of repetitive negative thinking suggest that multiple factors contribute to rumination, placing one at risk for depression. However, temporal dynamics of rumination and related cognitive risk factors remain poorly understood. Here, we aimed to model the time-varying associations between depressed mood, metacognitive beliefs, promotion focus, perfectionism, attentional control, and rumination in daily life using an ecological momentary assessment approach (EMA). Participants who had reported experiencing depression (n = 95) completed an intensive EMA procedure (6 times a day for 21 days). We relied on data-driven multi-level vector autoregressive modelling (mlVAR) to obtain temporal, contemporaneous, and between-subjects networks. The temporal network showed that fluctuations in rumination were directly predicted by prior ruminative state, attentional control, positive beliefs about rumination, cognitive self-consciousness, promotion focus, and depressed mood. The contemporaneous and between-subjects networks demonstrated a co-activation of multiple nodes. Each of these analyses provided novel insights into the main cognitive factors and their temporal interplay in relation to rumination. Overall, the results converge with integrative theoretical models suggesting bidirectional temporal associations and highlight potential direct and indirect targets for interventions to modify rumination.
Keywords
Depression, Network analysis, Rumination, Experience sampling, mlVAR, Attention control, Metacognition, Mood, DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION, BELIEFS, PERFECTIONISM, VALIDATION, AVOIDANCE, DISORDER, MODEL, WORRY

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MLA
Tamm, Gerly, et al. “Stuck in Thought : Temporal Interplay between Cognitive Building Blocks of Rumination.” BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH AND THERAPY, vol. 192, 2025, doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104788.
APA
Tamm, G., Koster, E., Henry, T., & Hoorelbeke, K. (2025). Stuck in thought : temporal interplay between cognitive building blocks of rumination. BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH AND THERAPY, 192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2025.104788
Chicago author-date
Tamm, Gerly, Ernst Koster, Teague Henry, and Kristof Hoorelbeke. 2025. “Stuck in Thought : Temporal Interplay between Cognitive Building Blocks of Rumination.” BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH AND THERAPY 192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2025.104788.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Tamm, Gerly, Ernst Koster, Teague Henry, and Kristof Hoorelbeke. 2025. “Stuck in Thought : Temporal Interplay between Cognitive Building Blocks of Rumination.” BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH AND THERAPY 192. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104788.
Vancouver
1.
Tamm G, Koster E, Henry T, Hoorelbeke K. Stuck in thought : temporal interplay between cognitive building blocks of rumination. BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH AND THERAPY. 2025;192.
IEEE
[1]
G. Tamm, E. Koster, T. Henry, and K. Hoorelbeke, “Stuck in thought : temporal interplay between cognitive building blocks of rumination,” BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH AND THERAPY, vol. 192, 2025.
@article{01JXYCNY0QJHZ3NP3TXEWMXRS1,
  abstract     = {{Theoretical models of repetitive negative thinking suggest that multiple factors contribute to rumination, placing one at risk for depression. However, temporal dynamics of rumination and related cognitive risk factors remain poorly understood. Here, we aimed to model the time-varying associations between depressed mood, metacognitive beliefs, promotion focus, perfectionism, attentional control, and rumination in daily life using an ecological momentary assessment approach (EMA). Participants who had reported experiencing depression (n = 95) completed an intensive EMA procedure (6 times a day for 21 days). We relied on data-driven multi-level vector autoregressive modelling (mlVAR) to obtain temporal, contemporaneous, and between-subjects networks. The temporal network showed that fluctuations in rumination were directly predicted by prior ruminative state, attentional control, positive beliefs about rumination, cognitive self-consciousness, promotion focus, and depressed mood. The contemporaneous and between-subjects networks demonstrated a co-activation of multiple nodes. Each of these analyses provided novel insights into the main cognitive factors and their temporal interplay in relation to rumination. Overall, the results converge with integrative theoretical models suggesting bidirectional temporal associations and highlight potential direct and indirect targets for interventions to modify rumination.}},
  articleno    = {{104788}},
  author       = {{Tamm, Gerly and Koster, Ernst and Henry, Teague and Hoorelbeke, Kristof}},
  issn         = {{0005-7967}},
  journal      = {{BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH AND THERAPY}},
  keywords     = {{Depression,Network analysis,Rumination,Experience sampling,mlVAR,Attention control,Metacognition,Mood,DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION,BELIEFS,PERFECTIONISM,VALIDATION,AVOIDANCE,DISORDER,MODEL,WORRY}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{10}},
  title        = {{Stuck in thought : temporal interplay between cognitive building blocks of rumination}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2025.104788}},
  volume       = {{192}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}
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