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Observation of cosmic-ray anisotropy in the Southern Hemisphere with 12 yr of data collected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

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Abstract
We analyzed the 7.92 x 10(11) cosmic-ray-induced muon events collected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory from 2011 May 13, when the fully constructed experiment started to take data, to 2023 May 12. This data set provides an up-to-date cosmic-ray arrival direction distribution in the Southern Hemisphere with unprecedented statistical accuracy covering more than a full period length of a solar cycle. Improvements in Monte Carlo event simulation and better handling of year-to-year differences in data processing significantly reduce systematic uncertainties below the level of statistical fluctuations compared to the previously published results. We confirm the observation of a change in the angular structure of the cosmic-ray anisotropy between 10 TeV and 1 PeV, more specifically in the 100-300 TeV energy range. For the first time, we analyzed the angular power spectrum at different energies. The observed variations of the power spectra with energy suggest relatively reduced large-scale features at high energy compared to those of medium and small scales. The large volume of data enhances the statistical significance at higher energies, up to the PeV scale, and smaller angular scales, down to approximately 6 degrees compared to previous findings.
Keywords
SMALL-SCALE ANISOTROPIES, ARRIVAL DIRECTIONS, TRACK RECONSTRUCTION, TEV, SPECTRUM, SEARCH, MODEL, INTENSITY, ICETOP

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MLA
Abbasi, R., et al. “Observation of Cosmic-Ray Anisotropy in the Southern Hemisphere with 12 Yr of Data Collected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory.” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, vol. 981, no. 2, 2025, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb1de.
APA
Abbasi, R., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Agarwalla, S. K., Aguado, T., Aguilar, J. A., … on behalf of the IceCube Collaboration, [ missing ]. (2025). Observation of cosmic-ray anisotropy in the Southern Hemisphere with 12 yr of data collected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 981(2). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adb1de
Chicago author-date
Abbasi, R., M. Ackermann, J. Adams, S. K. Agarwalla, T. Aguado, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, et al. 2025. “Observation of Cosmic-Ray Anisotropy in the Southern Hemisphere with 12 Yr of Data Collected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory.” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 981 (2). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adb1de.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Abbasi, R., M. Ackermann, J. Adams, S. K. Agarwalla, T. Aguado, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, J. M. Alameddine, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, C. Arguelles, Y. Ashida, S. Athanasiadou, S. N. Axani, R. Babu, X. Bai, A. Balagopal, M. Baricevic, S. W. Barwick, S. Bash, V. Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, J. Beise, C. Bellenghi, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Z. Besson, E. Blaufuss, L. Bloom, S. Blot, F. Bontempo, J. Y. Book Motzkin, C. Boscolo Meneguolo, S. Boeser, O. Botner, J. Boettcher, J. Braun, B. Brinson, Z. Brisson-Tsavoussis, J. Brostean-Kaiser, L. Brusa, R. T. Burley, D. Butterfield, M. A. Campana, I. Caracas, K. Carloni, J. Carpio, S. Chattopadhyay, N. Chau, Z. Chen, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, B. A. Clark, C. Cochling, A. Coleman, P. Coleman, G. H. Collin, A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad, R. Corley, D. F. Cowen, C. De Clercq, J. J. DeLaunay, D. Delgado, S. Deng, A. Desai, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, A. Diaz, J. C. Diaz-Velez, P. Dierichs, M. Dittmer, A. Domi, L. Draper, H. Dujmovic, D. Durnford, K. Dutta, M. A. DuVernois, T. Ehrhardt, L. Eidenschink, A. Eimer, P. Eller, E. Ellinger, S. El Mentawi, D. Elsaesser, R. Engel, H. Erpenbeck, J. Evans, P. A. Evenson, K. L. Fan, K. Fang, K. Farrag, A. R. Fazely, A. Fedynitch, N. Feigl, S. Fiedlschuster, C. Finley, L. Fischer, D. Fox, A. Franckowiak, S. Fukami, P. Fuerst, J. Gallagher, E. Ganster, A. Garcia, M. Garcia, G. Garg, E. Genton, L. Gerhardt, A. Ghadimi, C. Girard-Carillo, C. Glaser, T. Gluesenkamp, J. G. Gonzalez, S. Goswami, A. Granados, D. Grant, S. J. Gray, S. Griffin, S. Griswold, K. M. Groth, K. Gruchot, D. Guevel, C. Guenther, P. Gutjahr, C. Ha, C. Haack, A. Hallgren, L. Halve, F. Halzen, L. Hamacher, H. Hamdaoui, A. Hardy, W. Hayes, M. Ha Minh, M. Handt, K. Hanson, J. Hardin, A. A. Harnisch, P. Hatch, A. Haungs, J. Haeussler, K. Helbing, J. Hellrung, J. Hermannsgabner, L. Heuermann, N. Heyer, S. Hickford, A. Hidvegi, C. Hill, G. C. Hill, R. Hmaid, K. D. Hoffman, S. Hori, K. Hoshina, M. Hostert, W. Hou, T. Huber, K. Hultqvist, M. Hunnefeld, R. Hussain, K. Hymon, A. Ishihara, W. Iwakiri, M. Jacquart, S. Jain, O. Janik, M. Jansson, M. Jeong, M. Jin, B. J. P. Jones, N. Kamp, D. Kang, W. Kang, X. Kang, A. Kappes, D. Kappesser, L. Kardum, T. Karg, M. Karl, A. Karle, A. Katil, U. Katz, M. Kauer, J. L. Kelley, M. Khanal, A. Khatee Zathul, A. Kheirandish, J. Kiryluk, S. R. Klein, Y. Kobayashi, A. Kochocki, R. Koirala, H. Kolanoski, T. Kontrimas, L. Koepke, C. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, P. Koundal, M. Kowalski, T. Kozynets, N. Krieger, J. Krishnamoorthi, K. Kruiswijk, E. Krupczak, A. Kumar, E. Kun, N. Kurahashi, N. Lad, C. Lagunas Gualda, M. Lamoureux, M. J. Larson, F. Lauber, J. P. Lazar, J. W. Lee, K. Leonard DeHolton, A. Leszczynska, J. Liao, M. Lincetto, Y. T. Liu, M. Liubarska, C. Love, L. Lu, F. Lucarelli, W. Luszczak, Y. Lyu, J. Madsen, E. Magnus, K. B. M. Mahn, Y. Makino, E. Manao, S. Mancina, A. Mand, W. Marie Sainte, I. C. Maris, S. Marka, Z. Marka, M. Marsee, I. Martinez-Soler, R. Maruyama, F. Mayhew, F. McNally, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, S. Mechbal, A. Medina, M. Meier, Y. Merckx, L. Merten, J. Mitchell, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Y. Morii, R. Morse, M. Moulai, A. Moy, T. Mukherjee, R. Naab, M. Nakos, U. Naumann, J. Necker, A. Negi, L. Neste, M. Neumann, H. Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, K. Noda, A. Noell, A. Novikov, A. Obertacke Pollmann, V. O’Dell, A. Olivas, R. Orsoe, J. Osborn, E. O’Sullivan, V. Palusova, H. Pandya, N. Park, G. K. Parker, V. Parrish, E. N. Paudel, L. Paul, C. Perez de los Heros, T. Pernice, J. Peterson, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, A. Ponten, Y. Popovych, M. Prado Rodriguez, B. Pries, R. Procter-Murphy, G. T. Przybylski, L. Pyras, C. Raab, J. Rack-Helleis, N. Rad, M. Ravn, K. Rawlins, Z. Rechav, A. Rehman, E. Resconi, S. Reusch, W. Rhode, B. Riedel, A. Rifaie, E. J. Roberts, S. Robertson, S. Rodan, G. Roellinghoff, M. Rongen, A. Rosted, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, L. Ruohan, Dirk Ryckbosch, I. Safa, J. Saffer, D. Salazar-Gallegos, P. Sampathkumar, A. Sandrock, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, S. Sarkar, J. Savelberg, P. Savina, P. Schaile, M. Schaufel, H. Schieler, S. Schindler, L. Schlickmann, B. Schlueter, F. Schluter, N. Schmeisser, E. Schmidt, T. Schmidt, J. Schneider, F. G. Schroeder, L. Schumacher, S. Schwirn, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, L. Seen, M. Seikh, M. Seo, S. Seunarine, P. Sevle Myhr, R. Shah, S. Shefali, N. Shimizu, M. Silva, A. Simmons, B. Skrzypek, B. Smithers, R. Snihur, J. Soedingrekso, A. Sogaard, D. Soldin, P. Soldin, G. Sommani, C. Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, Juliana Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, T. Stezelberger, T. Stuerwald, T. Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter-Antonyan, A. Terliuk, M. Thiesmeyer, W. G. Thompson, A. Thorpe, J. Thwaites, S. Tilav, K. Tollefson, C. Tonnis, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, A. Trettin, R. Turcotte, M. A. Unland Elorrieta, A. K. Upadhyay, K. Upshaw, A. Vaidyanathan, N. Valtonen-Mattila, J. Vandenbroucke, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. van Santen, J. Vara, F. Varsi, J. Veitch-Michaelis, M. Venugopal, M. Vereecken, S. Vergara Carrasco, S. Verpoest, D. Veske, A. Vijai, C. Walck, A. Wang, C. Weaver, P. Weigel, A. Weindl, J. Weldert, A. Y. Wen, C. Wendt, J. Werthebach, M. Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, D. R. Williams, L. Witthaus, H. Woodward, M. Wolf, G. Wrede, X. W. Xu, J. P. Yanez, E. Yildizci, S. Yoshida, R. Young, S. Yu, T. Yuan, A. Zegarelli, S. Zhang, Z. Zhang, P. Zhelnin, P. Zilberman, M. Zimmerman, and [ missing ] on behalf of the IceCube Collaboration. 2025. “Observation of Cosmic-Ray Anisotropy in the Southern Hemisphere with 12 Yr of Data Collected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory.” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 981 (2). doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb1de.
Vancouver
1.
Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Agarwalla SK, Aguado T, Aguilar JA, et al. Observation of cosmic-ray anisotropy in the Southern Hemisphere with 12 yr of data collected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL. 2025;981(2).
IEEE
[1]
R. Abbasi et al., “Observation of cosmic-ray anisotropy in the Southern Hemisphere with 12 yr of data collected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory,” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, vol. 981, no. 2, 2025.
@article{01JXWBC8JA6XHY0KJYCXG9QDBH,
  abstract     = {{We analyzed the 7.92 x 10(11) cosmic-ray-induced muon events collected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory from 2011 May 13, when the fully constructed experiment started to take data, to 2023 May 12. This data set provides an up-to-date cosmic-ray arrival direction distribution in the Southern Hemisphere with unprecedented statistical accuracy covering more than a full period length of a solar cycle. Improvements in Monte Carlo event simulation and better handling of year-to-year differences in data processing significantly reduce systematic uncertainties below the level of statistical fluctuations compared to the previously published results. We confirm the observation of a change in the angular structure of the cosmic-ray anisotropy between 10 TeV and 1 PeV, more specifically in the 100-300 TeV energy range. For the first time, we analyzed the angular power spectrum at different energies. The observed variations of the power spectra with energy suggest relatively reduced large-scale features at high energy compared to those of medium and small scales. The large volume of data enhances the statistical significance at higher energies, up to the PeV scale, and smaller angular scales, down to approximately 6 degrees compared to previous findings.}},
  articleno    = {{182}},
  author       = {{Abbasi, R. and Ackermann, M. and Adams, J. and Agarwalla, S. K. and Aguado, T. and Aguilar, J. A. and Ahlers, M. and Alameddine, J. M. and Amin, N. M. and Andeen, K. and Arguelles, C. and Ashida, Y. and Athanasiadou, S. and Axani, S. N. and Babu, R. and Bai, X. and Balagopal, A. and Baricevic, M. and Barwick, S. W. and Bash, S. and Basu, V. and Bay, R. and Beatty, J. J. and Tjus, J. Becker and Beise, J. and Bellenghi, C. and BenZvi, S. and Berley, D. and Bernardini, E. and Besson, D. Z. and Blaufuss, E. and Bloom, L. and Blot, S. and Bontempo, F. and Motzkin, J. Y. Book and Meneguolo, C. Boscolo and Boeser, S. and Botner, O. and Boettcher, J. and Braun, J. and Brinson, B. and Brisson-Tsavoussis, Z. and Brostean-Kaiser, J. and Brusa, L. and Burley, R. T. and Butterfield, D. and Campana, M. A. and Caracas, I. and Carloni, K. and Carpio, J. and Chattopadhyay, S. and Chau, N. and Chen, Z. and Chirkin, D. and Choi, S. and Clark, B. A. and Cochling, C. and Coleman, A. and Coleman, P. and Collin, G. H. and Connolly, A. and Conrad, J. M. and Corley, R. and Cowen, D. F. and De Clercq, C. and DeLaunay, J. J. and Delgado, D. and Deng, S. and Desai, A. and Desiati, P. and de Vries, K. D. and de Wasseige, G. and DeYoung, T. and Diaz, A. and Diaz-Velez, J. C. and Dierichs, P. and Dittmer, M. and Domi, A. and Draper, L. and Dujmovic, H. and Durnford, D. and Dutta, K. and DuVernois, M. A. and Ehrhardt, T. and Eidenschink, L. and Eimer, A. and Eller, P. and Ellinger, E. and El Mentawi, S. and Elsaesser, D. and Engel, R. and Erpenbeck, H. and Evans, J. and Evenson, P. A. and Fan, K. L. and Fang, K. and Farrag, K. and Fazely, A. R. and Fedynitch, A. and Feigl, N. and Fiedlschuster, S. and Finley, C. and Fischer, L. and Fox, D. and Franckowiak, A. and Fukami, S. and Fuerst, P. and Gallagher, J. and Ganster, E. and Garcia, A. and Garcia, M. and Garg, G. and Genton, E. and Gerhardt, L. and Ghadimi, A. and Girard-Carillo, C. and Glaser, C. and Gluesenkamp, T. and Gonzalez, J. G. and Goswami, S. and Granados, A. and Grant, D. and Gray, S. J. and Griffin, S. and Griswold, S. and Groth, K. M. and Gruchot, K. and Guevel, D. and Guenther, C. and Gutjahr, P. and Ha, C. and Haack, C. and Hallgren, A. and Halve, L. and Halzen, F. and Hamacher, L. and Hamdaoui, H. and Hardy, A. and Hayes, W. and Minh, M. Ha and Handt, M. and Hanson, K. and Hardin, J. and Harnisch, A. A. and Hatch, P. and Haungs, A. and Haeussler, J. and Helbing, K. and Hellrung, J. and Hermannsgabner, J. and Heuermann, L. and Heyer, N. and Hickford, S. and Hidvegi, A. and Hill, C. and Hill, G. C. and Hmaid, R. and Hoffman, K. D. and Hori, S. and Hoshina, K. and Hostert, M. and Hou, W. and Huber, T. and Hultqvist, K. and Hunnefeld, M. and Hussain, R. and Hymon, K. and Ishihara, A. and Iwakiri, W. and Jacquart, M. and Jain, S. and Janik, O. and Jansson, M. and Jeong, M. and Jin, M. and Jones, B. J. P. and Kamp, N. and Kang, D. and Kang, W. and Kang, X. and Kappes, A. and Kappesser, D. and Kardum, L. and Karg, T. and Karl, M. and Karle, A. and Katil, A. and Katz, U. and Kauer, M. and Kelley, J. L. and Khanal, M. and Zathul, A. Khatee and Kheirandish, A. and Kiryluk, J. and Klein, S. R. and Kobayashi, Y. and Kochocki, A. and Koirala, R. and Kolanoski, H. and Kontrimas, T. and Koepke, L. and Kopper, C. and Koskinen, D. J. and Koundal, P. and Kowalski, M. and Kozynets, T. and Krieger, N. and Krishnamoorthi, J. and Kruiswijk, K. and Krupczak, E. and Kumar, A. and Kun, E. and Kurahashi, N. and Lad, N. and Gualda, C. Lagunas and Lamoureux, M. and Larson, M. J. and Lauber, F. and Lazar, J. P. and Lee, J. W. and DeHolton, K. Leonard and Leszczynska, A. and Liao, J. and Lincetto, M. and Liu, Y. T. and Liubarska, M. and Love, C. and Lu, L. and Lucarelli, F. and Luszczak, W. and Lyu, Y. and Madsen, J. and Magnus, E. and Mahn, K. B. M. and Makino, Y. and Manao, E. and Mancina, S. and Mand, A. and Sainte, W. Marie and Maris, I. C. and Marka, S. and Marka, Z. and Marsee, M. and Martinez-Soler, I. and Maruyama, R. and Mayhew, F. and McNally, F. and Mead, J. V. and Meagher, K. and Mechbal, S. and Medina, A. and Meier, M. and Merckx, Y. and Merten, L. and Mitchell, J. and Montaruli, T. and Moore, R. W. and Morii, Y. and Morse, R. and Moulai, M. and Moy, A. and Mukherjee, T. and Naab, R. and Nakos, M. and Naumann, U. and Necker, J. and Negi, A. and Neste, L. and Neumann, M. and Niederhausen, H. and Nisa, M. U. and Noda, K. and Noell, A. and Novikov, A. and Pollmann, A. Obertacke and O'Dell, V. and Olivas, A. and Orsoe, R. and Osborn, J. and O'Sullivan, E. and Palusova, V. and Pandya, H. and Park, N. and Parker, G. K. and Parrish, V. and Paudel, E. N. and Paul, L. and de los Heros, C. Perez and Pernice, T. and Peterson, J. and Pizzuto, A. and Plum, M. and Ponten, A. and Popovych, Y. and Rodriguez, M. Prado and Pries, B. and Procter-Murphy, R. and Przybylski, G. T. and Pyras, L. and Raab, C. and Rack-Helleis, J. and Rad, N. and Ravn, M. and Rawlins, K. and Rechav, Z. and Rehman, A. and Resconi, E. and Reusch, S. and Rhode, W. and Riedel, B. and Rifaie, A. and Roberts, E. J. and Robertson, S. and Rodan, S. and Roellinghoff, G. and Rongen, M. and Rosted, A. and Rott, C. and Ruhe, T. and Ruohan, L. and Ryckbosch, Dirk and Safa, I. and Saffer, J. and Salazar-Gallegos, D. and Sampathkumar, P. and Sandrock, A. and Santander, M. and Sarkar, S. and Sarkar, S. and Savelberg, J. and Savina, P. and Schaile, P. and Schaufel, M. and Schieler, H. and Schindler, S. and Schlickmann, L. and Schlueter, B. and Schluter, F. and Schmeisser, N. and Schmidt, E. and Schmidt, T. and Schneider, J. and Schroeder, F. G. and Schumacher, L. and Schwirn, S. and Sclafani, S. and Seckel, D. and Seen, L. and Seikh, M. and Seo, M. and Seunarine, S. and Myhr, P. Sevle and Shah, R. and Shefali, S. and Shimizu, N. and Silva, M. and Simmons, A. and Skrzypek, B. and Smithers, B. and Snihur, R. and Soedingrekso, J. and Sogaard, A. and Soldin, D. and Soldin, P. and Sommani, G. and Spannfellner, C. and Spiczak, G. M. and Spiering, C. and Stachurska, Juliana and Stamatikos, M. and Stanev, T. and Stezelberger, T. and Stuerwald, T. and Stuttard, T. and Sullivan, G. W. and Taboada, I. and Ter-Antonyan, S. and Terliuk, A. and Thiesmeyer, M. and Thompson, W. G. and Thorpe, A. and Thwaites, J. and Tilav, S. and Tollefson, K. and Tonnis, C. and Toscano, S. and Tosi, D. and Trettin, A. and Turcotte, R. and Elorrieta, M. A. Unland and Upadhyay, A. K. and Upshaw, K. and Vaidyanathan, A. and Valtonen-Mattila, N. and Vandenbroucke, J. and van Eijndhoven, N. and Vannerom, D. and van Santen, J. and Vara, J. and Varsi, F. and Veitch-Michaelis, J. and Venugopal, M. and Vereecken, M. and Carrasco, S. Vergara and Verpoest, S. and Veske, D. and Vijai, A. and Walck, C. and Wang, A. and Weaver, C. and Weigel, P. and Weindl, A. and Weldert, J. and Wen, A. Y. and Wendt, C. and Werthebach, J. and Weyrauch, M. and Whitehorn, N. and Wiebusch, C. H. and Williams, D. R. and Witthaus, L. and Woodward, H. and Wolf, M. and Wrede, G. and Xu, X. W. and Yanez, J. P. and Yildizci, E. and Yoshida, S. and Young, R. and Yu, S. and Yuan, T. and Zegarelli, A. and Zhang, S. and Zhang, Z. and Zhelnin, P. and Zilberman, P. and Zimmerman, M. and on behalf of the IceCube Collaboration, [ missing ]}},
  issn         = {{0004-637X}},
  journal      = {{ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL}},
  keywords     = {{SMALL-SCALE ANISOTROPIES,ARRIVAL DIRECTIONS,TRACK RECONSTRUCTION,TEV,SPECTRUM,SEARCH,MODEL,INTENSITY,ICETOP}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{20}},
  title        = {{Observation of cosmic-ray anisotropy in the Southern Hemisphere with 12 yr of data collected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adb1de}},
  volume       = {{981}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

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