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GLEAM4 : global land evaporation and soil moisture dataset at 0.1 resolution from 1980 to near present

Diego Miralles (UGent) , Olivier Bonte (UGent) , Akash Koppa (UGent) , Oscar Baez Villanueva (UGent) , Emma Tronquo (UGent) , Feng Zhong (UGent) , Hylke E. Beck, Petra Hulsman (UGent) , Wouter Dorigo, Niko Verhoest (UGent) , et al.
(2025) SCIENTIFIC DATA. 12(1).
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Abstract
Terrestrial evaporation plays a crucial role in modulating climate and water resources. Here, we present a continuous, daily dataset covering 1980-2023 with a 0.1 degrees spatial resolution, produced using the fourth generation of the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM). GLEAM4 embraces developments in hybrid modelling, learning evaporative stress from eddy-covariance and sapflow data. It features improved representation of key factors such as interception, atmospheric water demand, soil moisture, and plant access to groundwater. Estimates are inter-compared with existing global evaporation products and validated against in situ measurements, including data from 473 eddy-covariance sites, showing a median correlation of 0.73, root-mean-square error of 0.95 mm d-1, and Kling-Gupta efficiency of 0.49. Global land evaporation is estimated at 68.5 x 103 km3 yr-1, with 62% attributed to transpiration. Beyond actual evaporation and its components (transpiration, interception loss, soil evaporation, etc.), the dataset also provides soil moisture, potential evaporation, sensible heat flux, and evaporative stress, facilitating a wide range of hydrological, climatic, and ecological studies.
Keywords
MODELING RAINFALL INTERCEPTION, ADAPTED ANALYTICAL MODEL, WACMOS-ET PROJECT, PART 1, EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, VEGETATION, WATER, HEAT, FLUX, TRANSPIRATION

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MLA
Miralles, Diego, et al. “GLEAM4 : Global Land Evaporation and Soil Moisture Dataset at 0.1 Resolution from 1980 to near Present.” SCIENTIFIC DATA, vol. 12, no. 1, 2025, doi:10.1038/s41597-025-04610-y.
APA
Miralles, D., Bonte, O., Koppa, A., Baez Villanueva, O., Tronquo, E., Zhong, F., … Haghdoost, S. (2025). GLEAM4 : global land evaporation and soil moisture dataset at 0.1 resolution from 1980 to near present. SCIENTIFIC DATA, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04610-y
Chicago author-date
Miralles, Diego, Olivier Bonte, Akash Koppa, Oscar Baez Villanueva, Emma Tronquo, Feng Zhong, Hylke E. Beck, et al. 2025. “GLEAM4 : Global Land Evaporation and Soil Moisture Dataset at 0.1 Resolution from 1980 to near Present.” SCIENTIFIC DATA 12 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04610-y.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Miralles, Diego, Olivier Bonte, Akash Koppa, Oscar Baez Villanueva, Emma Tronquo, Feng Zhong, Hylke E. Beck, Petra Hulsman, Wouter Dorigo, Niko Verhoest, and Shekoofeh Haghdoost. 2025. “GLEAM4 : Global Land Evaporation and Soil Moisture Dataset at 0.1 Resolution from 1980 to near Present.” SCIENTIFIC DATA 12 (1). doi:10.1038/s41597-025-04610-y.
Vancouver
1.
Miralles D, Bonte O, Koppa A, Baez Villanueva O, Tronquo E, Zhong F, et al. GLEAM4 : global land evaporation and soil moisture dataset at 0.1 resolution from 1980 to near present. SCIENTIFIC DATA. 2025;12(1).
IEEE
[1]
D. Miralles et al., “GLEAM4 : global land evaporation and soil moisture dataset at 0.1 resolution from 1980 to near present,” SCIENTIFIC DATA, vol. 12, no. 1, 2025.
@article{01JW90BT8EZC2EC1359RGX38ME,
  abstract     = {{Terrestrial evaporation plays a crucial role in modulating climate and water resources. Here, we present a continuous, daily dataset covering 1980-2023 with a 0.1 degrees spatial resolution, produced using the fourth generation of the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM). GLEAM4 embraces developments in hybrid modelling, learning evaporative stress from eddy-covariance and sapflow data. It features improved representation of key factors such as interception, atmospheric water demand, soil moisture, and plant access to groundwater. Estimates are inter-compared with existing global evaporation products and validated against in situ measurements, including data from 473 eddy-covariance sites, showing a median correlation of 0.73, root-mean-square error of 0.95 mm d-1, and Kling-Gupta efficiency of 0.49. Global land evaporation is estimated at 68.5 x 103 km3 yr-1, with 62% attributed to transpiration. Beyond actual evaporation and its components (transpiration, interception loss, soil evaporation, etc.), the dataset also provides soil moisture, potential evaporation, sensible heat flux, and evaporative stress, facilitating a wide range of hydrological, climatic, and ecological studies.}},
  articleno    = {{416}},
  author       = {{Miralles, Diego and Bonte, Olivier and Koppa, Akash and Baez Villanueva, Oscar and Tronquo, Emma and Zhong, Feng and Beck, Hylke E. and Hulsman, Petra and Dorigo, Wouter and Verhoest, Niko and Haghdoost, Shekoofeh}},
  issn         = {{2052-4463}},
  journal      = {{SCIENTIFIC DATA}},
  keywords     = {{MODELING RAINFALL INTERCEPTION,ADAPTED ANALYTICAL MODEL,WACMOS-ET PROJECT,PART 1,EVAPOTRANSPIRATION,VEGETATION,WATER,HEAT,FLUX,TRANSPIRATION}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{14}},
  title        = {{GLEAM4 : global land evaporation and soil moisture dataset at 0.1 resolution from 1980 to near present}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04610-y}},
  volume       = {{12}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}
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