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Intranasal exposure to commensal bacterium Rothia mucilaginosa protects against influenza A virus infection

Ana Raquel Maia, Loïc Gonzalez, Badreddine Bounab, Lucia Grassi (UGent) , Coralie Mousset, Gaëlle Fromont-Hankard, Adeline Cezard, Pieter Hiemstra, Thomas Baranek, Christophe Paget, et al.
(2025) ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH. 234.
Author
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Abstract
The respiratory tract hosts a diverse microbial community whose composition varies with anatomical location and throughout life. Rothia mucilaginosa, a common commensal of the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity, has recently been recognized for its ability to inhibit bacteria-triggered pro-inflammatory responses. However, its role in modulating the immune response to viral infections such as influenza A virus (IAV) pneumonia, remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that R. mucilaginosa enhances protection against IAV, promoting viral clearance, reducing inflammation, preserving bronchial and alveolar structures, and improving survival in a mouse model of influenza pneumonia. The enhanced viral clearance observed in R. mucilaginosa-treated mice is associated with the recruitment of innate immune cells to the lungs, including PD-L1-expressing neutrophils, alongside the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, both of which are known to play regulatory roles in the context of IAV infection. Together, these findings highlight R. mucilaginosa-mediated innate immune priming as a key protective mechanism in the respiratory tract against IAV infection.
Keywords
Rothia mucilaginosa, Respiratory tract, Commensal, Microbiota, Influenza virus, Antiviral, Protection, RESPIRATORY-TRACT, CELLS, MICROBIOME, MICE, INFLAMMATION, MACROPHAGES, ACTIVATION, DEFENSE

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Citation

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MLA
Maia, Ana Raquel, et al. “Intranasal Exposure to Commensal Bacterium Rothia Mucilaginosa Protects against Influenza A Virus Infection.” ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH, vol. 234, 2025, doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106076.
APA
Maia, A. R., Gonzalez, L., Bounab, B., Grassi, L., Mousset, C., Fromont-Hankard, G., … Si-Tahar, M. (2025). Intranasal exposure to commensal bacterium Rothia mucilaginosa protects against influenza A virus infection. ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH, 234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106076
Chicago author-date
Maia, Ana Raquel, Loïc Gonzalez, Badreddine Bounab, Lucia Grassi, Coralie Mousset, Gaëlle Fromont-Hankard, Adeline Cezard, et al. 2025. “Intranasal Exposure to Commensal Bacterium Rothia Mucilaginosa Protects against Influenza A Virus Infection.” ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH 234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106076.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Maia, Ana Raquel, Loïc Gonzalez, Badreddine Bounab, Lucia Grassi, Coralie Mousset, Gaëlle Fromont-Hankard, Adeline Cezard, Pieter Hiemstra, Thomas Baranek, Christophe Paget, Aurélie Crabbé, and Mustapha Si-Tahar. 2025. “Intranasal Exposure to Commensal Bacterium Rothia Mucilaginosa Protects against Influenza A Virus Infection.” ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH 234. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106076.
Vancouver
1.
Maia AR, Gonzalez L, Bounab B, Grassi L, Mousset C, Fromont-Hankard G, et al. Intranasal exposure to commensal bacterium Rothia mucilaginosa protects against influenza A virus infection. ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH. 2025;234.
IEEE
[1]
A. R. Maia et al., “Intranasal exposure to commensal bacterium Rothia mucilaginosa protects against influenza A virus infection,” ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH, vol. 234, 2025.
@article{01JW6C7278ZJB9WXCG1F935N5P,
  abstract     = {{The respiratory tract hosts a diverse microbial community whose composition varies with anatomical location and throughout life. Rothia mucilaginosa, a common commensal of the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity, has recently been recognized for its ability to inhibit bacteria-triggered pro-inflammatory responses. However, its role in modulating the immune response to viral infections such as influenza A virus (IAV) pneumonia, remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that R. mucilaginosa enhances protection against IAV, promoting viral clearance, reducing inflammation, preserving bronchial and alveolar structures, and improving survival in a mouse model of influenza pneumonia. The enhanced viral clearance observed in R. mucilaginosa-treated mice is associated with the recruitment of innate immune cells to the lungs, including PD-L1-expressing neutrophils, alongside the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, both of which are known to play regulatory roles in the context of IAV infection. Together, these findings highlight R. mucilaginosa-mediated innate immune priming as a key protective mechanism in the respiratory tract against IAV infection.}},
  articleno    = {{106076}},
  author       = {{Maia, Ana Raquel and Gonzalez, Loïc and Bounab, Badreddine and Grassi, Lucia and Mousset, Coralie and Fromont-Hankard, Gaëlle and Cezard, Adeline and Hiemstra, Pieter and Baranek, Thomas and Paget, Christophe and Crabbé, Aurélie and Si-Tahar, Mustapha}},
  issn         = {{0166-3542}},
  journal      = {{ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH}},
  keywords     = {{Rothia mucilaginosa,Respiratory tract,Commensal,Microbiota,Influenza virus,Antiviral,Protection,RESPIRATORY-TRACT,CELLS,MICROBIOME,MICE,INFLAMMATION,MACROPHAGES,ACTIVATION,DEFENSE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{10}},
  title        = {{Intranasal exposure to commensal bacterium Rothia mucilaginosa protects against influenza A virus infection}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106076}},
  volume       = {{234}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}
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