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Faster triceps surae muscle cyclic contractions alter muscle activity and whole body metabolic rate

Wannes Swinnen (UGent) , Wouter Hoogkamer, Friedl De Groote and Benedicte Vanwanseele
(2023) JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY. 134(2). p.395-404
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Abstract
Hundred years ago, Fenn demonstrated that when a muscle shortens faster, its energy liberation increases. Fenn’s results were the first of many that led to the general understanding that isometric muscle contractions are energetically cheaper than concentric contractions. However, this evidence is still primarily based on single fiber or isolated (ex vivo) muscle studies and it remains unknown whether this translates to whole body metabolic rate. In this study, we specifically changed the contraction velocity of the ankle plantar flexors and quantified the effects on triceps surae muscle activity and whole body metabolic rate during cyclic plantar flexion (PF) contractions. Fifteen participants performed submaximal ankle plantar flexions (~1/3 s activation and ~2/3 s relaxation) on a dynamometer at three different ankle angular velocities: isometric (10° PF), isokinetic at 30°/s (5–15° PF), and isokinetic at 60°/s (0–20° PF) while target torque (25% MVC) and cycle frequency were kept constant. In addition, to directly determine the effect of ankle angular velocity on muscle kinematics we collected gastrocnemius medialis muscle fascicle ultrasound data. As expected, increasing ankle angular velocity increased gastrocnemius medialis muscle fascicle contraction velocity and positive mechanical work (P < 0.01), increased mean and peak triceps surae muscle activity (P < 0.01), and considerably increased net whole body metabolic rate (P < 0.01). Interestingly, the increase in triceps surae muscle activity with fast ankle angular velocities was most pronounced in the gastrocnemius lateralis (P < 0.05). Overall, our results support the original findings from Fenn in 1923 and we demonstrated that greater triceps surae muscle contraction velocities translate to increased whole body metabolic rate.
Keywords
energetics, gastrocnemius medialis, locomotion, muscle mechanical work, SARCOMERE-LENGTH, RUNNING ECONOMY, FORCE-VELOCITY, ENERGY-COST, FIBERS, RECRUITMENT, FATIGUE, WALKING, WORK, TEMPERATURE

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MLA
Swinnen, Wannes, et al. “Faster Triceps Surae Muscle Cyclic Contractions Alter Muscle Activity and Whole Body Metabolic Rate.” JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 134, no. 2, 2023, pp. 395–404, doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00575.2022.
APA
Swinnen, W., Hoogkamer, W., De Groote, F., & Vanwanseele, B. (2023). Faster triceps surae muscle cyclic contractions alter muscle activity and whole body metabolic rate. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, 134(2), 395–404. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00575.2022
Chicago author-date
Swinnen, Wannes, Wouter Hoogkamer, Friedl De Groote, and Benedicte Vanwanseele. 2023. “Faster Triceps Surae Muscle Cyclic Contractions Alter Muscle Activity and Whole Body Metabolic Rate.” JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY 134 (2): 395–404. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00575.2022.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Swinnen, Wannes, Wouter Hoogkamer, Friedl De Groote, and Benedicte Vanwanseele. 2023. “Faster Triceps Surae Muscle Cyclic Contractions Alter Muscle Activity and Whole Body Metabolic Rate.” JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY 134 (2): 395–404. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00575.2022.
Vancouver
1.
Swinnen W, Hoogkamer W, De Groote F, Vanwanseele B. Faster triceps surae muscle cyclic contractions alter muscle activity and whole body metabolic rate. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY. 2023;134(2):395–404.
IEEE
[1]
W. Swinnen, W. Hoogkamer, F. De Groote, and B. Vanwanseele, “Faster triceps surae muscle cyclic contractions alter muscle activity and whole body metabolic rate,” JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 134, no. 2, pp. 395–404, 2023.
@article{01JW69Z19SEXYNYGW5WJJ4H68Y,
  abstract     = {{Hundred years ago, Fenn demonstrated that when a muscle shortens faster, its energy liberation increases. Fenn’s results were the first of many that led to the general understanding that isometric muscle contractions are energetically cheaper than concentric contractions. However, this evidence is still primarily based on single fiber or isolated (ex vivo) muscle studies and it remains unknown whether this translates to whole body metabolic rate. In this study, we specifically changed the contraction velocity of the ankle plantar flexors and quantified the effects on triceps surae muscle activity and whole body metabolic rate during cyclic plantar flexion (PF) contractions. Fifteen participants performed submaximal ankle plantar flexions (~1/3 s activation and ~2/3 s relaxation) on a dynamometer at three different ankle angular velocities: isometric (10° PF), isokinetic at 30°/s (5–15° PF), and isokinetic at 60°/s (0–20° PF) while target torque (25% MVC) and cycle frequency were kept constant. In addition, to directly determine the effect of ankle angular velocity on muscle kinematics we collected gastrocnemius medialis muscle fascicle ultrasound data. As expected, increasing ankle angular velocity increased gastrocnemius medialis muscle fascicle contraction velocity and positive mechanical work (P < 0.01), increased mean and peak triceps surae muscle activity (P < 0.01), and considerably increased net whole body metabolic rate (P < 0.01). Interestingly, the increase in triceps surae muscle activity with fast ankle angular velocities was most pronounced in the gastrocnemius lateralis (P < 0.05). Overall, our results support the original findings from Fenn in 1923 and we demonstrated that greater triceps surae muscle contraction velocities translate to increased  whole body metabolic rate.}},
  author       = {{Swinnen, Wannes and Hoogkamer, Wouter and De Groote, Friedl and Vanwanseele, Benedicte}},
  issn         = {{8750-7587}},
  journal      = {{JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{energetics,gastrocnemius medialis,locomotion,muscle mechanical work,SARCOMERE-LENGTH,RUNNING ECONOMY,FORCE-VELOCITY,ENERGY-COST,FIBERS,RECRUITMENT,FATIGUE,WALKING,WORK,TEMPERATURE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{395--404}},
  title        = {{Faster triceps surae muscle cyclic contractions alter muscle activity and whole body metabolic rate}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00575.2022}},
  volume       = {{134}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}
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