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A map of integrated cis-regulatory elements enhances gene regulatory analysis in maize

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Abstract
Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are non-coding DNA sequences that modulate gene expression. Their identification is critical to study the transcriptional regulation of genes controlling key traits that govern plant growth and development. They are also crucial components for the delineation of gene regulatory networks, which represent regulatory interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and target genes. In maize, CREs have been profiled using different computational and experimental methods, but the extent to which these methods complement each other in identifying functional CREs is unclear. Here, we report the data-driven integration of different maize CRE profiling methods to optimize the capture of experimentally-confirmed TF binding sites, resulting in maps of integrated CREs (iCREs) showing increased levels of completeness and precision. We combined the iCREs with a wide diversity of gene expression data under drought conditions to perform motif enrichment and infer drought-specific GRNs. Mining these organ-specific GRNs revealed known and novel candidate regulators of maize drought response, and showed these networks significantly overlap with drought eQTL regulatory interactions. Furthermore, by studying the transposable elements (TEs) overlapping with iCREs, we identified few TE superfamilies displaying typical epigenetic features of regulatory DNA that are potentially involved in wiring specific TF-target gene regulatory interactions. Overall, our study showcases the integration of different omics data sources to generate a high-quality collection of CREs, together with their applicability to better characterize gene regulation in the complex maize genome.
Keywords
maize, cis-regulatory elements, epigenetics, gene-regulatory networks, transposable elements, TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS, TRANSCRIPTIONAL NETWORKS, OPEN CHROMATIN, MULTI-OMICS, ARABIDOPSIS, DNA, GENOME, DISCOVERY, SEQUENCES, INFERENCE

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MLA
Staut, Jasper, et al. “A Map of Integrated Cis-Regulatory Elements Enhances Gene Regulatory Analysis in Maize.” PLANT COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 6, no. 7, 2025, doi:10.1016/j.xplc.2025.101376.
APA
Staut, J., Manosalva Pérez, N., Matres Ferrando, A., Dissanayake, I., & Vandepoele, K. (2025). A map of integrated cis-regulatory elements enhances gene regulatory analysis in maize. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS, 6(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2025.101376
Chicago author-date
Staut, Jasper, Nicolás Manosalva Pérez, Andres Matres Ferrando, Indeewari Dissanayake, and Klaas Vandepoele. 2025. “A Map of Integrated Cis-Regulatory Elements Enhances Gene Regulatory Analysis in Maize.” PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 6 (7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2025.101376.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Staut, Jasper, Nicolás Manosalva Pérez, Andres Matres Ferrando, Indeewari Dissanayake, and Klaas Vandepoele. 2025. “A Map of Integrated Cis-Regulatory Elements Enhances Gene Regulatory Analysis in Maize.” PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 6 (7). doi:10.1016/j.xplc.2025.101376.
Vancouver
1.
Staut J, Manosalva Pérez N, Matres Ferrando A, Dissanayake I, Vandepoele K. A map of integrated cis-regulatory elements enhances gene regulatory analysis in maize. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS. 2025;6(7).
IEEE
[1]
J. Staut, N. Manosalva Pérez, A. Matres Ferrando, I. Dissanayake, and K. Vandepoele, “A map of integrated cis-regulatory elements enhances gene regulatory analysis in maize,” PLANT COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 6, no. 7, 2025.
@article{01JW64MAGQ3G0Y5S8YAPXF5BCJ,
  abstract     = {{Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are non-coding DNA sequences that modulate gene expression. Their identification is critical to study the transcriptional regulation of genes controlling key traits that govern plant growth and development. They are also crucial components for the delineation of gene regulatory networks, which represent regulatory interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and target genes. In maize, CREs have been profiled using different computational and experimental methods, but the extent to which these methods complement each other in identifying functional CREs is unclear. Here, we report the data-driven integration of different maize CRE profiling methods to optimize the capture of experimentally-confirmed TF binding sites, resulting in maps of integrated CREs (iCREs) showing increased levels of completeness and precision. We combined the iCREs with a wide diversity of gene expression data under drought conditions to perform motif enrichment and infer drought-specific GRNs. Mining these organ-specific GRNs revealed known and novel candidate regulators of maize drought response, and showed these networks significantly overlap with drought eQTL regulatory interactions. Furthermore, by studying the transposable elements (TEs) overlapping with iCREs, we identified few TE superfamilies displaying typical epigenetic features of regulatory DNA that are potentially involved in wiring specific TF-target gene regulatory interactions. Overall, our study showcases the integration of different omics data sources to generate a high-quality collection of CREs, together with their applicability to better characterize gene regulation in the complex maize genome.}},
  articleno    = {{101376}},
  author       = {{Staut, Jasper and Manosalva Pérez, Nicolás and Matres Ferrando, Andres and Dissanayake, Indeewari and Vandepoele, Klaas}},
  issn         = {{2590-3462}},
  journal      = {{PLANT COMMUNICATIONS}},
  keywords     = {{maize,cis-regulatory elements,epigenetics,gene-regulatory networks,transposable elements,TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS,TRANSCRIPTIONAL NETWORKS,OPEN CHROMATIN,MULTI-OMICS,ARABIDOPSIS,DNA,GENOME,DISCOVERY,SEQUENCES,INFERENCE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{7}},
  pages        = {{17}},
  title        = {{A map of integrated cis-regulatory elements enhances gene regulatory analysis in maize}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2025.101376}},
  volume       = {{6}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

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