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A 3D model for assessing regulated cell death modalities

Robin Demuynck (UGent) and Dmitri Krysko (UGent)
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Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) models more closely represent the in vivo situation and are therefore more relevant models for drug screening. Among the more than twelve regulated cell death (RCD) modalities, immunogenic cell death (ICD) stands out for its ability to initiate efficient anti-tumor immune response. For example, ferroptosis, which can be induced via the inhibition of GPX4 leading to uncontrolled lipid peroxidation, might be immunogenic under certain conditions. It is crucial to identify which cell death modality is induced, as certain cancer types exhibit resistance to specific forms of cell death. However, a major limitation of 3D models is the lack of high-throughput assays, which often require dissociation of the 3D models, potentially leading to misinterpretation of results. Here, we describe a protocol for identifying and quantifying the induction of RCD modalities in 3D models, such as spheroids. This method eliminates the need for tumor spheroid dissociation and is compatible with other screening techniques, including confocal microscopy. This protocol enables high-throughput screening of various cell death inducers in intact 3D models, serving as a crucial first step in the identification of novel inducers and their specificity for particular ICD and RCD types.

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MLA
Demuynck, Robin, and Dmitri Krysko. “A 3D Model for Assessing Regulated Cell Death Modalities.” 2D and 3D Cellular Screening Models and AI Guided Analysis, edited by Oliver Kepp and Guido Kroemer, vol. 204, Elsevier, 2026, pp. 81–92, doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2025.03.017.
APA
Demuynck, R., & Krysko, D. (2026). A 3D model for assessing regulated cell death modalities. In O. Kepp & G. Kroemer (Eds.), 2D and 3D cellular screening models and AI guided analysis (Vol. 204, pp. 81–92). https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mcb.2025.03.017
Chicago author-date
Demuynck, Robin, and Dmitri Krysko. 2026. “A 3D Model for Assessing Regulated Cell Death Modalities.” In 2D and 3D Cellular Screening Models and AI Guided Analysis, edited by Oliver Kepp and Guido Kroemer, 204:81–92. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mcb.2025.03.017.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Demuynck, Robin, and Dmitri Krysko. 2026. “A 3D Model for Assessing Regulated Cell Death Modalities.” In 2D and 3D Cellular Screening Models and AI Guided Analysis, ed by. Oliver Kepp and Guido Kroemer, 204:81–92. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2025.03.017.
Vancouver
1.
Demuynck R, Krysko D. A 3D model for assessing regulated cell death modalities. In: Kepp O, Kroemer G, editors. 2D and 3D cellular screening models and AI guided analysis. Elsevier; 2026. p. 81–92.
IEEE
[1]
R. Demuynck and D. Krysko, “A 3D model for assessing regulated cell death modalities,” in 2D and 3D cellular screening models and AI guided analysis, vol. 204, O. Kepp and G. Kroemer, Eds. Elsevier, 2026, pp. 81–92.
@incollection{01JRSTFQ5209VGTCRRCNDXT16Q,
  abstract     = {{Three-dimensional (3D) models more closely represent the in vivo situation and are therefore more relevant models for drug screening. Among the more than twelve regulated cell death (RCD) modalities, immunogenic cell death (ICD) stands out for its ability to initiate efficient anti-tumor immune response. For example, ferroptosis, which can be induced via the inhibition of GPX4 leading to uncontrolled lipid peroxidation, might be immunogenic under certain conditions. It is crucial to identify which cell death modality is induced, as certain cancer types exhibit resistance to specific forms of cell death. However, a major limitation of 3D models is the lack of high-throughput assays, which often require dissociation of the 3D models, potentially leading to misinterpretation of results. Here, we describe a protocol for identifying and quantifying the induction of RCD modalities in 3D models, such as spheroids. This method eliminates the need for tumor spheroid dissociation and is compatible with other screening techniques, including confocal microscopy. This protocol enables high-throughput screening of various cell death inducers in intact 3D models, serving as a crucial first step in the identification of novel inducers and their specificity for particular ICD and RCD types.}},
  author       = {{Demuynck, Robin and Krysko, Dmitri}},
  booktitle    = {{2D and 3D cellular screening models and AI guided analysis}},
  editor       = {{Kepp, Oliver and Kroemer, Guido}},
  isbn         = {{9780443428517}},
  issn         = {{0091-679X}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{81--92}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  series       = {{Methods in Cell Biology}},
  title        = {{A 3D model for assessing regulated cell death modalities}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mcb.2025.03.017}},
  volume       = {{204}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}

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