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Exploring the causal paths and longitudinal impact of telework on health : the TeleHealth survey-data linkage study protocol

(2025) BMJ OPEN. 15(2).
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Abstract
Background The transition from traditional office work to telework has accelerated significantly since the late 20th century, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite its widespread adoption, the long-term health impacts of telework remain unclear. This study seeks to clarify the telework-health relationship by integrating longitudinal self-reported health data with health-related administrative records.Methods and analysis An online self-reported longitudinal survey with four follow-ups of 6 months each, starting in November 2024, will be set up and linked with administrative data sources. In total, a non-probabilistic sample of 5000 non-teleworkers and teleworkers will be recruited. This survey will mainly assess the effect of teleworking on mental (eg, depression and anxiety) and physical (eg, pain) health. Administrative data (eg, healthcare consumption contacts and socioeconomic status) will be extracted from Belgian administrative data sources (Statistics Belgium and the InterMutualistic Agency) for the same period. This administrative data will be linked to the survey data using the Social Security ID. The underlying relationships between telework and health will be analysed via regression models and mediation models embedded in the natural effects framework. The analysis will aim to (1) identify the impact of telework on self-reported health and administrative data, (2) identify the moderators and mediators between the telework-health relationship, (3) understand the long-term patterns of telework and health interaction and (4) predict the health outcomes of teleworkers. To mitigate biases associated with non-probabilistic samples and attrition, standardised probability weights scoring will be derived from the data.Ethics and dissemination This study involves human participants and has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent (Nr degrees. ONZ-2023-0630). The participants will participate in the study after signing an informed consent form. The study will be disseminated in academic journals, on (social) media and on the project website.
Keywords
EPIDEMIOLOGY, PUBLIC HEALTH, Surveys and Questionnaires, JOB DEMANDS, HOME, QUESTIONNAIRE, VALIDITY, GENDER, LIFE

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MLA
Bracho Montes De Oca, Eduardo, et al. “Exploring the Causal Paths and Longitudinal Impact of Telework on Health : The TeleHealth Survey-Data Linkage Study Protocol.” BMJ OPEN, vol. 15, no. 2, 2025, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-096105.
APA
Bracho Montes De Oca, E., Int Panis, L., Verbrugghe, M., De Waegeneer, E., Cagnie, B., de Geus, B., & De Pauw, R. (2025). Exploring the causal paths and longitudinal impact of telework on health : the TeleHealth survey-data linkage study protocol. BMJ OPEN, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-096105
Chicago author-date
Bracho Montes De Oca, Eduardo, Laura Int Panis, Mathieu Verbrugghe, Els De Waegeneer, Barbara Cagnie, Bas de Geus, and Robby De Pauw. 2025. “Exploring the Causal Paths and Longitudinal Impact of Telework on Health : The TeleHealth Survey-Data Linkage Study Protocol.” BMJ OPEN 15 (2). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-096105.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Bracho Montes De Oca, Eduardo, Laura Int Panis, Mathieu Verbrugghe, Els De Waegeneer, Barbara Cagnie, Bas de Geus, and Robby De Pauw. 2025. “Exploring the Causal Paths and Longitudinal Impact of Telework on Health : The TeleHealth Survey-Data Linkage Study Protocol.” BMJ OPEN 15 (2). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-096105.
Vancouver
1.
Bracho Montes De Oca E, Int Panis L, Verbrugghe M, De Waegeneer E, Cagnie B, de Geus B, et al. Exploring the causal paths and longitudinal impact of telework on health : the TeleHealth survey-data linkage study protocol. BMJ OPEN. 2025;15(2).
IEEE
[1]
E. Bracho Montes De Oca et al., “Exploring the causal paths and longitudinal impact of telework on health : the TeleHealth survey-data linkage study protocol,” BMJ OPEN, vol. 15, no. 2, 2025.
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  abstract     = {{Background The transition from traditional office work to telework has accelerated significantly since the late 20th century, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite its widespread adoption, the long-term health impacts of telework remain unclear. This study seeks to clarify the telework-health relationship by integrating longitudinal self-reported health data with health-related administrative records.Methods and analysis An online self-reported longitudinal survey with four follow-ups of 6 months each, starting in November 2024, will be set up and linked with administrative data sources. In total, a non-probabilistic sample of 5000 non-teleworkers and teleworkers will be recruited. This survey will mainly assess the effect of teleworking on mental (eg, depression and anxiety) and physical (eg, pain) health. Administrative data (eg, healthcare consumption contacts and socioeconomic status) will be extracted from Belgian administrative data sources (Statistics Belgium and the InterMutualistic Agency) for the same period. This administrative data will be linked to the survey data using the Social Security ID. The underlying relationships between telework and health will be analysed via regression models and mediation models embedded in the natural effects framework. The analysis will aim to (1) identify the impact of telework on self-reported health and administrative data, (2) identify the moderators and mediators between the telework-health relationship, (3) understand the long-term patterns of telework and health interaction and (4) predict the health outcomes of teleworkers. To mitigate biases associated with non-probabilistic samples and attrition, standardised probability weights scoring will be derived from the data.Ethics and dissemination This study involves human participants and has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent (Nr degrees. ONZ-2023-0630). The participants will participate in the study after signing an informed consent form. The study will be disseminated in academic journals, on (social) media and on the project website.}},
  articleno    = {{e096105}},
  author       = {{Bracho Montes De Oca, Eduardo and Int Panis, Laura and Verbrugghe, Mathieu and De Waegeneer, Els and Cagnie, Barbara and de Geus, Bas and De Pauw, Robby}},
  issn         = {{2044-6055}},
  journal      = {{BMJ OPEN}},
  keywords     = {{EPIDEMIOLOGY,PUBLIC HEALTH,Surveys and Questionnaires,JOB DEMANDS,HOME,QUESTIONNAIRE,VALIDITY,GENDER,LIFE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{10}},
  title        = {{Exploring the causal paths and longitudinal impact of telework on health : the TeleHealth survey-data linkage study protocol}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-096105}},
  volume       = {{15}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

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