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Maternal balanced energy-protein supplementation reshapes the maternal gut microbiome and enhances carbohydrate metabolism in infants : a randomized controlled trial

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Abstract
Balanced energy-protein (BEP) supplementation during pregnancy and lactation can improve birth outcomes and infant growth, with the gut microbiome as a potential mediator. The MISAME-III randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT03533712) assessed the effect of BEP supplementation, provided during pregnancy and the first six months of lactation, on small-for-gestational age prevalence and length-for-age Z-scores at six months in rural Burkina Faso. Nested within MISAME-III, this sub-study examines the impact of BEP supplementation on maternal and infant gut microbiomes and their mediating role in birth outcomes and infant growth. A total of 152 mother-infant dyads (n = 71 intervention, n = 81 control) were included for metagenomic sequencing, with stool samples collected at the second and third trimesters, and at 1–2 and 5–6 months postpartum. BEP supplementation significantly altered maternal gut microbiome diversity, composition, and function, particularly those with immune-modulatory properties. Pathways linked to lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis were depleted and the species Bacteroides fragilis was enriched in BEP-supplemented mothers. Maternal BEP supplementation also accelerated infant microbiome changes and enhanced carbohydrate metabolism. Causal mediation analyses identified specific taxa mediating the effect of BEP on birth outcomes and infant growth. These findings suggest that maternal supplementation modulates gut microbiome composition and influences early-life development in resource-limited settings.
Keywords
CHILD UNDERNUTRITION, PREGNANT-WOMEN, LOW-INCOME, GROWTH, COMMUNITY, INCREASE, FOOD, MO

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MLA
Deng, Lishi, et al. “Maternal Balanced Energy-Protein Supplementation Reshapes the Maternal Gut Microbiome and Enhances Carbohydrate Metabolism in Infants : A Randomized Controlled Trial.” NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 16, no. 1, 2025, doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57838-y.
APA
Deng, L., Taelman, S., Olm, M. R., Toe, L. C., Balini, E., Ouedraogo, W.-B. L. O., … Dailey-Chwalibóg, T. (2025). Maternal balanced energy-protein supplementation reshapes the maternal gut microbiome and enhances carbohydrate metabolism in infants : a randomized controlled trial. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57838-y
Chicago author-date
Deng, Lishi, Steff Taelman, Matthew R. Olm, Laéticia Céline Toe, Eva Balini, Wend-Benedo Lionel Olivier Ouedraogo, Yuri Bastos Moreira, et al. 2025. “Maternal Balanced Energy-Protein Supplementation Reshapes the Maternal Gut Microbiome and Enhances Carbohydrate Metabolism in Infants : A Randomized Controlled Trial.” NATURE COMMUNICATIONS 16 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57838-y.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Deng, Lishi, Steff Taelman, Matthew R. Olm, Laéticia Céline Toe, Eva Balini, Wend-Benedo Lionel Olivier Ouedraogo, Yuri Bastos Moreira, Alemayehu Argaw Alemayehu, Kokeb Tesfamariam Hadush, Erica D. Sonnenburg, Giles Hanley-Cook, Moctar Ouédraogo, Rasmané Ganaba, Wim Van Criekinge, Lieven Huybregts, Michiel Stock, Patrick Kolsteren, Justin L. Sonnenburg, Carl Lachat, and Trenton Dailey-Chwalibóg. 2025. “Maternal Balanced Energy-Protein Supplementation Reshapes the Maternal Gut Microbiome and Enhances Carbohydrate Metabolism in Infants : A Randomized Controlled Trial.” NATURE COMMUNICATIONS 16 (1). doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57838-y.
Vancouver
1.
Deng L, Taelman S, Olm MR, Toe LC, Balini E, Ouedraogo W-BLO, et al. Maternal balanced energy-protein supplementation reshapes the maternal gut microbiome and enhances carbohydrate metabolism in infants : a randomized controlled trial. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS. 2025;16(1).
IEEE
[1]
L. Deng et al., “Maternal balanced energy-protein supplementation reshapes the maternal gut microbiome and enhances carbohydrate metabolism in infants : a randomized controlled trial,” NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 16, no. 1, 2025.
@article{01JPPJHVB22VES36JN8WCGXEZC,
  abstract     = {{Balanced energy-protein (BEP) supplementation during pregnancy and lactation can improve birth outcomes and infant growth, with the gut microbiome as a potential mediator. The MISAME-III randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT03533712) assessed the effect of BEP supplementation, provided during pregnancy and the first six months of lactation, on small-for-gestational age prevalence and length-for-age Z-scores at six months in rural Burkina Faso. Nested within MISAME-III, this sub-study examines the impact of BEP supplementation on maternal and infant gut microbiomes and their mediating role in birth outcomes and infant growth. A total of 152 mother-infant dyads (n = 71 intervention, n = 81 control) were included for metagenomic sequencing, with stool samples collected at the second and third trimesters, and at 1–2 and 5–6 months postpartum. BEP supplementation significantly altered maternal gut microbiome diversity, composition, and function, particularly those with immune-modulatory properties. Pathways linked to lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis were depleted and the species Bacteroides fragilis was enriched in BEP-supplemented mothers. Maternal BEP supplementation also accelerated infant microbiome changes and enhanced carbohydrate metabolism. Causal mediation analyses identified specific taxa mediating the effect of BEP on birth outcomes and infant growth. These findings suggest that maternal supplementation modulates gut microbiome composition and influences early-life development in resource-limited settings.}},
  articleno    = {{2683}},
  author       = {{Deng, Lishi and Taelman, Steff and Olm, Matthew R. and Toe, Laéticia Céline and Balini, Eva and Ouedraogo, Wend-Benedo Lionel Olivier and Bastos Moreira, Yuri and Alemayehu, Alemayehu Argaw and Hadush, Kokeb Tesfamariam and Sonnenburg, Erica D. and Hanley-Cook, Giles and Ouédraogo, Moctar and Ganaba, Rasmané and Van Criekinge, Wim and Huybregts, Lieven and Stock, Michiel and Kolsteren, Patrick and Sonnenburg, Justin L. and Lachat, Carl and Dailey-Chwalibóg, Trenton}},
  issn         = {{2041-1723}},
  journal      = {{NATURE COMMUNICATIONS}},
  keywords     = {{CHILD UNDERNUTRITION,PREGNANT-WOMEN,LOW-INCOME,GROWTH,COMMUNITY,INCREASE,FOOD,MO}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{16}},
  title        = {{Maternal balanced energy-protein supplementation reshapes the maternal gut microbiome and enhances carbohydrate metabolism in infants : a randomized controlled trial}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57838-y}},
  volume       = {{16}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

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