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Immunogenicity of cell death and cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors

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Abstract
While immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the clinical management of various malignancies, a large fraction of patients are refractory to ICIs employed as standalone therapeutics, necessitating the development of combinatorial treatment strategies. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducers have attracted considerable interest as combinatorial partners for ICIs, at least in part owing to their ability to initiate a tumor-targeting adaptive immune response. However, compared with either approach alone, combinatorial regimens involving ICD inducers and ICIs have not always shown superior clinical activity. Here, we discuss accumulating evidence on the therapeutic interactions between ICD inducers and immunotherapy with ICIs in oncological settings, identify key factors that may explain discrepancies between preclinical and clinical findings, and propose strategies that address existing challenges to increase the efficacy of these combinations in patients with cancer.
Keywords
PEMBROLIZUMAB PLUS CHEMOTHERAPY, PHASE-III TRIAL, OPEN-LABEL, DOUBLE-BLIND, 1ST-LINE TREATMENT, GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION, PROSTATE-CANCER, NAB-PACLITAXEL, MOUSE MODEL, STAGE-III, Antigen-presenting cells, Chemotherapy, Clinical trials, CTLA4, Mouse models, Radiation therapy, PD-1, Targeted anticancer agents, immunogenic cell death, cancer immunotherapy, cancer

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MLA
Catanzaro, Elena, et al. “Immunogenicity of Cell Death and Cancer Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.” CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 22, no. 1, 2025, pp. 24–39, doi:10.1038/s41423-024-01245-8.
APA
Catanzaro, E., Beltran-Visiedo, M., Galluzzi, L., & Krysko, D. (2025). Immunogenicity of cell death and cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY, 22(1), 24–39. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-024-01245-8
Chicago author-date
Catanzaro, Elena, Manuel Beltran-Visiedo, Lorenzo Galluzzi, and Dmitri Krysko. 2025. “Immunogenicity of Cell Death and Cancer Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.” CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY 22 (1): 24–39. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-024-01245-8.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Catanzaro, Elena, Manuel Beltran-Visiedo, Lorenzo Galluzzi, and Dmitri Krysko. 2025. “Immunogenicity of Cell Death and Cancer Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.” CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY 22 (1): 24–39. doi:10.1038/s41423-024-01245-8.
Vancouver
1.
Catanzaro E, Beltran-Visiedo M, Galluzzi L, Krysko D. Immunogenicity of cell death and cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY. 2025;22(1):24–39.
IEEE
[1]
E. Catanzaro, M. Beltran-Visiedo, L. Galluzzi, and D. Krysko, “Immunogenicity of cell death and cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors,” CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 24–39, 2025.
@article{01JP5GWNCG66M655MN3GFK93XF,
  abstract     = {{While immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the clinical management of various malignancies, a large fraction of patients are refractory to ICIs employed as standalone therapeutics, necessitating the development of combinatorial treatment strategies. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducers have attracted considerable interest as combinatorial partners for ICIs, at least in part owing to their ability to initiate a tumor-targeting adaptive immune response. However, compared with either approach alone, combinatorial regimens involving ICD inducers and ICIs have not always shown superior clinical activity. Here, we discuss accumulating evidence on the therapeutic interactions between ICD inducers and immunotherapy with ICIs in oncological settings, identify key factors that may explain discrepancies between preclinical and clinical findings, and propose strategies that address existing challenges to increase the efficacy of these combinations in patients with cancer.}},
  author       = {{Catanzaro, Elena and Beltran-Visiedo, Manuel and Galluzzi, Lorenzo and Krysko, Dmitri}},
  issn         = {{1672-7681}},
  journal      = {{CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{PEMBROLIZUMAB PLUS CHEMOTHERAPY,PHASE-III TRIAL,OPEN-LABEL,DOUBLE-BLIND,1ST-LINE TREATMENT,GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION,PROSTATE-CANCER,NAB-PACLITAXEL,MOUSE MODEL,STAGE-III,Antigen-presenting cells,Chemotherapy,Clinical trials,CTLA4,Mouse models,Radiation therapy,PD-1,Targeted anticancer agents,immunogenic cell death,cancer immunotherapy,cancer}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{24--39}},
  title        = {{Immunogenicity of cell death and cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-024-01245-8}},
  volume       = {{22}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

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