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Cost-effectiveness of a digital supportive healthcare pathway for type 2 diabetes compared to usual care in Belgium

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Abstract
Objective. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a digital supportive healthcare pathway in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to usual care. Methods. An age-dependent Markov model was applied from a healthcare payer perspective projecting results of a clinical trial study over a time horizon of 22 years assuming a continuous implementation of the intervention every year, 24/7. The setting was Flanders (Belgium). One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. Results. The hybrid care pathway led to a quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gain of 5.97, while the costs increased with €663,036. This resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €110,989/QALY. With a cost-effectiveness threshold of 45,000€/QALY, the hybrid care pathway was found not cost-effective compared to the usual care trajectory. Sensitivity analyses showed that over 50\% of iterations exceeded the threshold, with a cost-effectiveness probability of 13.12% at €45,000/QALY. Conclusions. This cost-effectiveness analysis indicates that a hybrid care pathway is unlikely to be a cost-effective approach compared to the standard care trajectory in patients with T2DM. Nevertheless, the exploration of technology-driven healthcare pathways are vital for advancing patient well-being, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize resource utilization and enhance outcomes effectively.
Keywords
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cost-effectiveness, digital health, hybrid care, COMPLICATIONS, IMPACT, TRANSFERABILITY, GUIDELINES

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MLA
Van Wilder, Lisa, et al. “Cost-Effectiveness of a Digital Supportive Healthcare Pathway for Type 2 Diabetes Compared to Usual Care in Belgium.” DIGITAL HEALTH, vol. 11, 2025, doi:10.1177/20552076251319169.
APA
Van Wilder, L., De Smedt, D., Sandra, L., Vandormael, D., Kaes, J., Willems, R., & Trybou, J. (2025). Cost-effectiveness of a digital supportive healthcare pathway for type 2 diabetes compared to usual care in Belgium. DIGITAL HEALTH, 11. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076251319169
Chicago author-date
Van Wilder, Lisa, Delphine De Smedt, Lieselotte Sandra, Dorien Vandormael, Joyce Kaes, Ruben Willems, and Jeroen Trybou. 2025. “Cost-Effectiveness of a Digital Supportive Healthcare Pathway for Type 2 Diabetes Compared to Usual Care in Belgium.” DIGITAL HEALTH 11. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076251319169.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Van Wilder, Lisa, Delphine De Smedt, Lieselotte Sandra, Dorien Vandormael, Joyce Kaes, Ruben Willems, and Jeroen Trybou. 2025. “Cost-Effectiveness of a Digital Supportive Healthcare Pathway for Type 2 Diabetes Compared to Usual Care in Belgium.” DIGITAL HEALTH 11. doi:10.1177/20552076251319169.
Vancouver
1.
Van Wilder L, De Smedt D, Sandra L, Vandormael D, Kaes J, Willems R, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a digital supportive healthcare pathway for type 2 diabetes compared to usual care in Belgium. DIGITAL HEALTH. 2025;11.
IEEE
[1]
L. Van Wilder et al., “Cost-effectiveness of a digital supportive healthcare pathway for type 2 diabetes compared to usual care in Belgium,” DIGITAL HEALTH, vol. 11, 2025.
@article{01JN3EMCTGT0WDASPY2G07B7KP,
  abstract     = {{Objective. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a digital supportive healthcare pathway in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to usual care. 
Methods. An age-dependent Markov model was applied from a healthcare payer perspective projecting results of a clinical trial study over a time horizon of 22 years assuming a continuous implementation of the intervention every year, 24/7. The setting was Flanders (Belgium). One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. 
Results. The hybrid care pathway led to a quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gain of 5.97, while the costs increased with €663,036. This resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €110,989/QALY. With a cost-effectiveness threshold of 45,000€/QALY, the hybrid care pathway was found not cost-effective compared to the usual care trajectory. Sensitivity analyses showed that over 50\% of iterations exceeded the threshold, with a cost-effectiveness probability of 13.12% at €45,000/QALY.
Conclusions. This cost-effectiveness analysis indicates that a hybrid care pathway is unlikely to be a cost-effective approach compared to the standard care trajectory in patients with T2DM. Nevertheless, the exploration of technology-driven healthcare pathways are vital for advancing patient well-being, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize resource utilization and enhance outcomes effectively.}},
  articleno    = {{20552076251319169}},
  author       = {{Van Wilder, Lisa and De Smedt, Delphine and Sandra, Lieselotte and Vandormael, Dorien and Kaes, Joyce and Willems, Ruben and Trybou, Jeroen}},
  issn         = {{2055-2076}},
  journal      = {{DIGITAL HEALTH}},
  keywords     = {{Type 2 diabetes mellitus,cost-effectiveness,digital health,hybrid care,COMPLICATIONS,IMPACT,TRANSFERABILITY,GUIDELINES}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{13}},
  title        = {{Cost-effectiveness of a digital supportive healthcare pathway for type 2 diabetes compared to usual care in Belgium}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1177/20552076251319169}},
  volume       = {{11}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

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