@article{01JMF1NVGPF7Q4SBSPNQV1DVZK,
  abstract     = {{Objective : 
To investigate the haemodynamic effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in isoflurane-anaesthetized pigs.

Study design : 
Experimental, randomized, nonblinded, crossover study.

Animals : 
A group of six stress-resistant Landrace pigs (approximately 3 months old; three male, three female; bodyweight 39.2 ± 4 kg, mean ± standard deviation).

Methods : 
After premedication (midazolam 0.5 mg kg–1 and ketamine 10 mg kg–1 intramuscularly) and induction [propofol 0.25–0.5 mg kg–1 intravenously (IV)], anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen, and either GHB 250 mg kg–1 IV or an equal volume of saline was administered (minimum washout period 1 week). Systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean (MAP) arterial pressures, heart rate and rhythm and respiratory rate were recorded every 5 minutes for 2 hours. Arterial samples were collected for blood gas and pharmacokinetic analyses. Relative changes from baseline were calculated and compared between treatments using a mixed model with time, period and treatment as variables (α < 0.05).

Results : 
Changes from baseline differed significantly between treatments (p < 0.001) for SAP (GHB –1.6 ± 10.7; saline –5.9 ± 14.8 mmHg), DAP (GHB +2.9 ± 9.6; saline –6.5 ± 10.7 mmHg) and MAP (GHB +2.2 ± 10.5; saline –5.7 ± 9.6 mmHg). Statistical analysis of secondary outcomes suggested effects on PaO2 [GHB –45.2 ± 29.8 mmHg (–6.03 ± 3.97 kPa); saline +24.5 ± 32.4 mmHg (+3.27 ± 4.32 kPa); p < 0.001] and PaCO2 [GHB –2 ± 10 mmHg (–0.27 ± 1.33 kPa); saline –9 ± 8 mmHg (–1.20 ± 1.07 kPa); p < 0.001]. Mean maximum blood concentration of GHB was 1171.1 ± 229.3 μg mL–1, with volume of distribution 335.3 ± 68.5 mL kg–1, clearance 77.2 ± 19.12 mL kg–1 hour–1 and elimination half-life 3.10 ± 0.80 hours.

Conclusions and clinical relevance : 
GHB did not cause severe physiological side effects and may reduce cardiovascular depression.}},
  author       = {{Cuypers, Charlotte and Devreese, Mathias and Van Uytfanghe, Katleen and Stove, Christophe and Van Steenkiste, Glenn and Schauvliege, Stijn}},
  issn         = {{1467-2987}},
  journal      = {{VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}},
  keywords     = {{ISCHEMIA,BLOOD,GHB,TOXICOLOGY,SEDATION,EEG,anaesthesia,cardiorespiratory,pig}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{25--34}},
  title        = {{Cardiorespiratory effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid during isoflurane anaesthesia in pigs}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2024.10.135}},
  volume       = {{52}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

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