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Legal and regulatory vulnerability of the football sector to match-fixing, money laundering and human trafficking in the context of football transfers

Louis Vandercruysse (UGent)
(2025)
Author
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(UGent) , (UGent) and (UGent)
Organization
Project
Abstract
The football sector is frequently linked to criminal and irregular activities, namely match-fixing, money laundering, and human trafficking in the context of football transfers. Despite the recognition of these threats, there is a pressing need for (legal) preventative research. This research addresses that gap by providing insights into the prevention of the above-mentioned criminal and irregular activities related to football transfers through a legal vulnerability analysis. By (i) identifying causal risk indicators for each of the aforementioned activities and (ii) linking them to applicable government legislation and football regulations, the dissertation highlights vulnerabilities in the legal framework that may inadvertently facilitate the aforementioned criminal and irregular activities. These vulnerabilities are found at both the governmental level and within the frameworks of football governing bodies. Based on its findings, the research provides preliminary policy recommendations to strengthen preventive measures.

Citation

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MLA
Vandercruysse, Louis. Legal and Regulatory Vulnerability of the Football Sector to Match-Fixing, Money Laundering and Human Trafficking in the Context of Football Transfers. Universiteit Gent. Faculteit Recht en Criminologie, 2025.
APA
Vandercruysse, L. (2025). Legal and regulatory vulnerability of the football sector to match-fixing, money laundering and human trafficking in the context of football transfers. Universiteit Gent. Faculteit Recht en Criminologie, Ghent, Belgium.
Chicago author-date
Vandercruysse, Louis. 2025. “Legal and Regulatory Vulnerability of the Football Sector to Match-Fixing, Money Laundering and Human Trafficking in the Context of Football Transfers.” Ghent, Belgium: Universiteit Gent. Faculteit Recht en Criminologie.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Vandercruysse, Louis. 2025. “Legal and Regulatory Vulnerability of the Football Sector to Match-Fixing, Money Laundering and Human Trafficking in the Context of Football Transfers.” Ghent, Belgium: Universiteit Gent. Faculteit Recht en Criminologie.
Vancouver
1.
Vandercruysse L. Legal and regulatory vulnerability of the football sector to match-fixing, money laundering and human trafficking in the context of football transfers. [Ghent, Belgium]: Universiteit Gent. Faculteit Recht en Criminologie; 2025.
IEEE
[1]
L. Vandercruysse, “Legal and regulatory vulnerability of the football sector to match-fixing, money laundering and human trafficking in the context of football transfers,” Universiteit Gent. Faculteit Recht en Criminologie, Ghent, Belgium, 2025.
@phdthesis{01JKGSGYAV75G65E0R24DQ8S10,
  abstract     = {{The football sector is frequently linked to criminal and irregular activities, namely match-fixing, money laundering, and human trafficking in the context of football transfers. Despite the recognition of these threats, there is a pressing need for (legal) preventative research. This research addresses that gap by providing insights into the prevention of the above-mentioned criminal and irregular activities related to football transfers through a legal vulnerability analysis. By (i) identifying causal risk indicators for each of the aforementioned activities and (ii) linking them to applicable government legislation and football regulations, the dissertation highlights vulnerabilities in the legal framework that may inadvertently facilitate the aforementioned criminal and irregular activities. These vulnerabilities are found at both the governmental level and within the frameworks of football governing bodies. Based on its findings, the research provides preliminary policy recommendations to strengthen preventive measures.}},
  author       = {{Vandercruysse, Louis}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{XXI, 389}},
  publisher    = {{Universiteit Gent. Faculteit Recht en Criminologie}},
  school       = {{Ghent University}},
  title        = {{Legal and regulatory vulnerability of the football sector to match-fixing, money laundering and human trafficking in the context of football transfers}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}