@article{01JH3EJ5B0SK0P1TVH0JG7EA3T,
  abstract     = {{Labour markets struggle to be inclusive, while diversity is increasing. This literature
review examines labour market challenges faced by first- and second-generation
migrants in Belgium. We systematically review articles published between 2010 and
2023 in the Web of Science Core Collection to delineate underlying mechanisms,
associated solutions, policy recommendations and literature gaps. The literature
reveals that individuals with a migration background generally experience poorer
labour market outcomes than natives. These outcomes vary based on specific origin
and gender and persist from the first into the second generation. The mechanisms
underlying these poorer outcomes are discrimination, individual preferences,
and human and social capital differences. Recommendations for employers
include implementing standardised hiring procedures and fostering awareness of
discrimination among recruiters. On the employee side, investing in human capital,
increasing labour market knowledge, and having competencies formally recognised
can help to narrow employment gaps. Our review also advocates for policy
refinement to combat biases and suggests that alternative pathways to attaining
employment, such as self-employment and volunteering, are promising areas for
future research.}},
  author       = {{Devos, Louise and Lippens, Louis and Lens, Dries and Rycx, Francois and Volral, Melanie and Baert, Stijn}},
  issn         = {{0013-063X}},
  journal      = {{ECONOMIST-NETHERLANDS}},
  keywords     = {{Belgium,Migration,Labour market,Systematic review,J15,J18,INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY,DISCRIMINATION,IMMIGRANTS,EMPLOYMENT,2ND-GENERATION,TURKISH,ASSIMILATION,RECRUITMENT,INTEGRATION,EARNINGS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{121--175}},
  title        = {{Labour market disadvantages of citizens with a migration background in Belgium : a systematic review}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1007/s10645-024-09443-5}},
  volume       = {{173}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

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