@article{01JEZGSMNP2ZYT44JXZKZKYC11,
  abstract     = {{Tactile interaction plays an essential role in human-to-human interaction. People gain comfort and support from tactile interactions with others and touch is an important predictor for trust. While touch has been explored as a communicative modality in HCI and HRI, we here report on two studies in which touching a social robot is used to regulate people's stress levels and consequently their actions. In the first study, we look at whether different intensities of tactile interaction result in a physiological response related to stress, and whether the interaction impacts risk-taking behaviour and trust. We let 38 participants complete a balloon analogue risk task (BART), a computer-based game that serves as a proxy for risk-taking behaviour. In our study, participants are supported by a robot during the BART task. The robot builds trust and encourages participants to take more risk. The results show that affective tactile interaction with the robot increases participants' risk-taking behaviour, but gentle affective tactile interaction increases comfort and lowers stress whereas high-intensity touch does not. We also find that male participants exhibit more risk-taking behaviour than females while being less stressed. Based on this experiment, a second study is used to ascertain whether these effects are caused by the social nature of tactile interaction or by the physical interaction alone. For this, instead of a social robot, participants now have a tactile interaction with a non-social device. The non-social interaction does not result in any effect, leading us to conclude that tactile interaction with humanoid robots is a social phenomenon rather than a mere physical phenomenon.}},
  author       = {{Ren, Qiaoqiao and Belpaeme, Tony}},
  issn         = {{1875-4791}},
  journal      = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ROBOTICS}},
  keywords     = {{Affective touch,Human-robot touch,Tactile interaction,Haptic interaction,Nonverbal communication,Peer pressure,Risk-taking behaviour,Heart rate variability,HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY,RISK-TAKING,GENDER-DIFFERENCES,DECISION-MAKING,TOUCH,METAANALYSIS,STRESS,EMBODIMENT,RESPONSES,EMOTIONS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{11-12}},
  pages        = {{2297--2317}},
  title        = {{Tactile interaction with social robots influences attitudes and behaviour}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-024-01191-5}},
  volume       = {{16}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

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