@article{01JE1QGZX70F5ABAN14G4JYTSF,
  abstract     = {{Ephesus was an important harbor city that flourished during the Roman period and ancient texts mention Almade<acute accent>n in Spain and the Cilbian fields of Ephesus as important cinnabar sources in antiquity. This work investigates whether imported cinnabar was used and whether this could be related to changes in painting activities over time. Microscopic analysis indicates a consistent preparation of cinnabar, hinting at a uniform source material quality or processing technique. However, the use of cinnabar varies among the architectural structures studied, indicating a plurality of painting techniques. A few of the analyzed cinnabar samples overlap with Turkish- and Balkan reference Pb isotope ratios; three samples from tabernas, however, deviate from this. The Hg isotope ratios reveal that cinnabar from carbonate-hosted deposits was likely used, and that processing of cinnabar included heating as suggested by ancient texts. Most notably, a correlation exists between the geochemical data and the painting technique - shifts in sourcing and cinnabar usage are potentially assignable to building chronology and/or usage. Through the lens of material provenance and processing, Ephesian cinnabar brings the organization of pigment trade into focus.}},
  articleno    = {{106122}},
  author       = {{Rodler-Rørbo, Alexandra and Baragona, Anthony J. and Verbeemen, Eliah J. and Sørensen, Lasse Vilien and Çakmakoğlu, Berk and Helvaci, Cahit and Bolea Fernandez, Eduardo and Rua Ibarz, Ana Maria and Vanhaecke, Frank and Becker, Hilary and Artioli, Gilberto and Zabrana, Lilli and Debaille, Vinciane and Mattielli, Nadine and Goderis, Steven and Claeys, Philippe}},
  issn         = {{0305-4403}},
  journal      = {{JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE}},
  keywords     = {{Microscopic analysis,Pb isotope ratios,Hg isotope ratios,Wall paintings,Pigment trade,MERCURY ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION,STABLE LEAD-ISOTOPE,WALL PAINTINGS,COPPER ORES,BRONZE-AGE,ORIGIN,KARABURUN,PRECISION,ARTIFACTS,EVOLUTION}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{16}},
  title        = {{Cinnabar for Roman Ephesus : material quality, processing and provenance}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2024.106122}},
  volume       = {{173}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

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