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Closing a gap or creating a new one? Comparing support for participatory instruments among different stakeholders

Bram Wauters (UGent) , Tessa Haesevoets (UGent) , Bram Verschuere (UGent) , Arne Roets (UGent) , Kristof Steyvers (UGent) , Gilles Pittoors (UGent) , Liese Berkvens (UGent) , Nina De Smedt (UGent) , Willem Goutry (UGent) and Ruben Van Severen (UGent)
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Abstract
Representative democracy is perceived to be in crisis in many Western countries. Increasing citizen participation is often considered to be a remedy to close this gap between government and the people. Which instruments should be used to realize this remains, however, open for discussion. In this article, we compare attitudes of citizens, politicians and civil servants towards a number of participatory instruments. We assess to what extent these attitudes are influenced by 'interests' (operationalized as the formal position one takes: either politician, citizen or civil servant) and 'ideas' (measured as ideological beliefs), while holding the institutional context constant (the local level in Flanders [Belgium]). Analyses based on a large-scale survey (N = 4,168) show that although the ideological position of the respondents to some extent affects attitudes towards particular participatory instruments, especially their formal position has a considerable impact on how participatory instruments are appreciated. Indeed, different stakeholders distinctly advance different instruments as the best way to enhance citizen participation. This raises questions about the potential of citizen participation to narrow the gap between citizens and policymakers, as diverging attitudes towards particular instruments might create a new gap rather than closing one.
Keywords
citizen participation, citizens, civil servants, politicians, ideology, ID CITIZEN PARTICIPATION, COUNCILLORS

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MLA
Wauters, Bram, et al. “Closing a Gap or Creating a New One? Comparing Support for Participatory Instruments among Different Stakeholders.” EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH, 2025, doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12739.
APA
Wauters, B., Haesevoets, T., Verschuere, B., Roets, A., Steyvers, K., Pittoors, G., … Van Severen, R. (2025). Closing a gap or creating a new one? Comparing support for participatory instruments among different stakeholders. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12739
Chicago author-date
Wauters, Bram, Tessa Haesevoets, Bram Verschuere, Arne Roets, Kristof Steyvers, Gilles Pittoors, Liese Berkvens, Nina De Smedt, Willem Goutry, and Ruben Van Severen. 2025. “Closing a Gap or Creating a New One? Comparing Support for Participatory Instruments among Different Stakeholders.” EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12739.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Wauters, Bram, Tessa Haesevoets, Bram Verschuere, Arne Roets, Kristof Steyvers, Gilles Pittoors, Liese Berkvens, Nina De Smedt, Willem Goutry, and Ruben Van Severen. 2025. “Closing a Gap or Creating a New One? Comparing Support for Participatory Instruments among Different Stakeholders.” EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12739.
Vancouver
1.
Wauters B, Haesevoets T, Verschuere B, Roets A, Steyvers K, Pittoors G, et al. Closing a gap or creating a new one? Comparing support for participatory instruments among different stakeholders. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH. 2025;
IEEE
[1]
B. Wauters et al., “Closing a gap or creating a new one? Comparing support for participatory instruments among different stakeholders,” EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH, 2025.
@article{01JC5X78PEGF58EPY55Z2YHB5K,
  abstract     = {{Representative democracy is perceived to be in crisis in many Western countries. Increasing citizen participation is often considered to be a remedy to close this gap between government and the people. Which instruments should be used to realize this remains, however, open for discussion. In this article, we compare attitudes of citizens, politicians and civil servants towards a number of participatory instruments. We assess to what extent these attitudes are influenced by 'interests' (operationalized as the formal position one takes: either politician, citizen or civil servant) and 'ideas' (measured as ideological beliefs), while holding the institutional context constant (the local level in Flanders [Belgium]). Analyses based on a large-scale survey (N = 4,168) show that although the ideological position of the respondents to some extent affects attitudes towards particular participatory instruments, especially their formal position has a considerable impact on how participatory instruments are appreciated. Indeed, different stakeholders distinctly advance different instruments as the best way to enhance citizen participation. This raises questions about the potential of citizen participation to narrow the gap between citizens and policymakers, as diverging attitudes towards particular instruments might create a new gap rather than closing one.}},
  author       = {{Wauters, Bram and Haesevoets, Tessa and Verschuere, Bram and Roets, Arne and Steyvers, Kristof and Pittoors, Gilles and Berkvens, Liese and De Smedt, Nina and Goutry, Willem and Van Severen, Ruben}},
  issn         = {{0304-4130}},
  journal      = {{EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH}},
  keywords     = {{citizen participation,citizens,civil servants,politicians,ideology,ID CITIZEN PARTICIPATION,COUNCILLORS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  title        = {{Closing a gap or creating a new one? Comparing support for participatory instruments among different stakeholders}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12739}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

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