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Development of a solvent based recycling process for agricultural film

Elisabetta Carrieri (UGent) , Jordy Motte (UGent) , Pieter Nachtergaele (UGent) , Ine Mertens (UGent) , Richard Hoogenboom (UGent) , Jo Dewulf (UGent) and Steven De Meester (UGent)
(2025) RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING. 212.
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Abstract
Agricultural films are a major source of low density polyethylene (LDPE) waste, which is challenging to recycle, as it is often multilayer and can contain pigments such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) and carbon black. In this study a dissolution recycling process was developed, that was able to recover three outputs: LDPE, poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) and TiO2 from the waste stream with a single solvent, either xylene or limonene. After dissolution, the pigments were successfully removed through filtration. Polymer precipitation was induced by cooling and thus no antisolvent was required. The recovered polymers showed promising characteristics, with purities higher than 98 %, while the recovered TiO2 showed a purity higher than 99 %. The prospective Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) revealed a total savings of 3.35 kg CO2 equivalent per kg of film waste (for the case of black and white multilayer film) compared to incineration including energy recovery. Furthermore, a sensitivity study showed that the solvent management is crucial for the sustainability of the process.
Keywords
Plastic recycling, Low-density polyethylene, Ethylene-vinyl acetate, Environmental assessment, Pigment, Agricultural film, LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT, WASTE, MEMBRANE, POLYMERS, LIMONENE, DENSITY

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MLA
Carrieri, Elisabetta, et al. “Development of a Solvent Based Recycling Process for Agricultural Film.” RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING, vol. 212, 2025, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107981.
APA
Carrieri, E., Motte, J., Nachtergaele, P., Mertens, I., Hoogenboom, R., Dewulf, J., & De Meester, S. (2025). Development of a solvent based recycling process for agricultural film. RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING, 212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107981
Chicago author-date
Carrieri, Elisabetta, Jordy Motte, Pieter Nachtergaele, Ine Mertens, Richard Hoogenboom, Jo Dewulf, and Steven De Meester. 2025. “Development of a Solvent Based Recycling Process for Agricultural Film.” RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING 212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107981.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Carrieri, Elisabetta, Jordy Motte, Pieter Nachtergaele, Ine Mertens, Richard Hoogenboom, Jo Dewulf, and Steven De Meester. 2025. “Development of a Solvent Based Recycling Process for Agricultural Film.” RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING 212. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107981.
Vancouver
1.
Carrieri E, Motte J, Nachtergaele P, Mertens I, Hoogenboom R, Dewulf J, et al. Development of a solvent based recycling process for agricultural film. RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING. 2025;212.
IEEE
[1]
E. Carrieri et al., “Development of a solvent based recycling process for agricultural film,” RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING, vol. 212, 2025.
@article{01JBV42TB4EQCJNK9HYF77704K,
  abstract     = {{Agricultural films are a major source of low density polyethylene (LDPE) waste, which is challenging to recycle,
as it is often multilayer and can contain pigments such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) and carbon black. In this study
a dissolution recycling process was developed, that was able to recover three outputs: LDPE, poly(ethylene-vinyl
acetate) and TiO2 from the waste stream with a single solvent, either xylene or limonene. After dissolution, the
pigments were successfully removed through filtration. Polymer precipitation was induced by cooling and thus
no antisolvent was required. The recovered polymers showed promising characteristics, with purities higher than
98 %, while the recovered TiO2 showed a purity higher than 99 %. The prospective Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
revealed a total savings of 3.35 kg CO2 equivalent per kg of film waste (for the case of black and white multilayer
film) compared to incineration including energy recovery. Furthermore, a sensitivity study showed that the
solvent management is crucial for the sustainability of the process.}},
  articleno    = {{107981}},
  author       = {{Carrieri, Elisabetta and Motte, Jordy and Nachtergaele, Pieter and Mertens, Ine and Hoogenboom, Richard and Dewulf, Jo and De Meester, Steven}},
  issn         = {{0921-3449}},
  journal      = {{RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING}},
  keywords     = {{Plastic recycling,Low-density polyethylene,Ethylene-vinyl acetate,Environmental assessment,Pigment,Agricultural film,LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT,WASTE,MEMBRANE,POLYMERS,LIMONENE,DENSITY}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{14}},
  title        = {{Development of a solvent based recycling process for agricultural film}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107981}},
  volume       = {{212}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}
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