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Area and individual level analyses of demographic and socio-economic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination uptake in Belgium

Pierre Hubin, Laura Van den Borre, Toon Braeye, Lisa Cavillot, Matthieu Billuart, Veerle Stouten, Léonore Nasiadka, Elias Vermeiren, Izaak Van Evercooren, Brecht Devleesschauwer (UGent) , et al.
(2024) VACCINE: X. 18.
Author
Organization
Abstract
Vaccination has played a major role in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic. However, vaccination status can be influenced by demographic and socio-economic factors at individual and area level. In the context of the LINK-VACC project, the Belgian vaccine register for the COVID-19 vaccination campaign was linked at individual level with other registers, notably the COVID-19 laboratory test results and demographic and socio-economic variables from the DEMOBEL database. The present article aims at investigating to which extent COVID-19 vaccination status is associated with area level and/or individual level demographic and socioeconomic factors. From a sample of all individuals tested for SARS-CoV-2 (LINK-VACC sample) demographic and socio-economic indicators are derived and their impact on vaccination coverages at an aggregated geographical level (municipality) is quantified. The same indicators are calculated for the full Belgian population, allowing to assess the representativeness of the LINK-VACC sample with respect to the impact of demographic and socioeconomic disparities on vaccination uptake. In a second step, hierarchical models are fitted to the individual level LINK-VACC data to disentangle the individual and municipality effects allowing to evaluate the added value of the availability of individual level data in this context. The most important effects observed at the individual level are reflected in the aggregated data at the municipality level. Multilevel analyses show that most of the demographic and socio-economic impacts on vaccination are captured at the individual level, although accounting for area level in individual level analyses improve the overall description.
Keywords
Multilevel analysis, COVID-19 vaccination, Social determinants of health, Health inequalities, TRANSMISSION

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MLA
Hubin, Pierre, et al. “Area and Individual Level Analyses of Demographic and Socio-Economic Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake in Belgium.” VACCINE: X, vol. 18, Elsevier, 2024, doi:10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100496.
APA
Hubin, P., Van den Borre, L., Braeye, T., Cavillot, L., Billuart, M., Stouten, V., … van Loenhout, J. A. F. (2024). Area and individual level analyses of demographic and socio-economic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination uptake in Belgium. VACCINE: X, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100496
Chicago author-date
Hubin, Pierre, Laura Van den Borre, Toon Braeye, Lisa Cavillot, Matthieu Billuart, Veerle Stouten, Léonore Nasiadka, et al. 2024. “Area and Individual Level Analyses of Demographic and Socio-Economic Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake in Belgium.” VACCINE: X 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100496.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Hubin, Pierre, Laura Van den Borre, Toon Braeye, Lisa Cavillot, Matthieu Billuart, Veerle Stouten, Léonore Nasiadka, Elias Vermeiren, Izaak Van Evercooren, Brecht Devleesschauwer, Lucy Catteau, and Joris A.F. van Loenhout. 2024. “Area and Individual Level Analyses of Demographic and Socio-Economic Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake in Belgium.” VACCINE: X 18. doi:10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100496.
Vancouver
1.
Hubin P, Van den Borre L, Braeye T, Cavillot L, Billuart M, Stouten V, et al. Area and individual level analyses of demographic and socio-economic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination uptake in Belgium. VACCINE: X. 2024;18.
IEEE
[1]
P. Hubin et al., “Area and individual level analyses of demographic and socio-economic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination uptake in Belgium,” VACCINE: X, vol. 18, 2024.
@article{01J2PF410VWHVKD08X5Y8VXQ21,
  abstract     = {{Vaccination has played a major role in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic. However, vaccination status can be influenced by demographic and socio-economic factors at individual and area level. In the context of the LINK-VACC project, the Belgian vaccine register for the COVID-19 vaccination campaign was linked at individual level with other registers, notably the COVID-19 laboratory test results and demographic and socio-economic variables from the DEMOBEL database. The present article aims at investigating to which extent COVID-19 vaccination status is associated with area level and/or individual level demographic and socioeconomic factors. From a sample of all individuals tested for SARS-CoV-2 (LINK-VACC sample) demographic and socio-economic indicators are derived and their impact on vaccination coverages at an aggregated geographical level (municipality) is quantified. The same indicators are calculated for the full Belgian population, allowing to assess the representativeness of the LINK-VACC sample with respect to the impact of demographic and socioeconomic disparities on vaccination uptake. In a second step, hierarchical models are fitted to the individual level LINK-VACC data to disentangle the individual and municipality effects allowing to evaluate the added value of the availability of individual level data in this context. The most important effects observed at the individual level are reflected in the aggregated data at the municipality level. Multilevel analyses show that most of the demographic and socio-economic impacts on vaccination are captured at the individual level, although accounting for area level in individual level analyses improve the overall description.}},
  articleno    = {{100496}},
  author       = {{Hubin, Pierre and Van den Borre, Laura and Braeye, Toon and Cavillot, Lisa and Billuart, Matthieu and Stouten, Veerle and Nasiadka, Léonore and Vermeiren, Elias and Van Evercooren, Izaak and Devleesschauwer, Brecht and Catteau, Lucy and van Loenhout, Joris A.F.}},
  issn         = {{2590-1362}},
  journal      = {{VACCINE: X}},
  keywords     = {{Multilevel analysis,COVID-19 vaccination,Social determinants of health,Health inequalities,TRANSMISSION}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{8}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  title        = {{Area and individual level analyses of demographic and socio-economic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination uptake in Belgium}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100496}},
  volume       = {{18}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}
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