@article{01J2BJ6SX44AWGQCFTJDXDSDKH,
  abstract     = {{The emergence of alternative stable states in forest systems has significant implications for the functioning and structure of the terrestrial biosphere, yet empirical evidence remains scarce. Here, we combine global forest biodiversity observations and simulations to test for alternative stable states in the presence of evergreen and deciduous forest types. We reveal a bimodal distribution of forest leaf types across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere that cannot be explained by the environment alone, suggesting signatures of alternative forest states. Moreover, we empirically demonstrate the existence of positive feedbacks in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, with trees having 4-43% higher growth rates, 14-17% higher survival rates and 4-7 times higher recruitment rates when they are surrounded by trees of their own leaf type. Simulations show that the observed positive feedbacks are necessary and sufficient to generate alternative forest states, which also lead to dependency on history (hysteresis) during ecosystem transition from evergreen to deciduous forests and vice versa. We identify hotspots of bistable forest types in evergreen-deciduous ecotones, which are likely driven by soil-related positive feedbacks. These findings are integral to predicting the distribution of forest biomes, and aid to our understanding of biodiversity, carbon turnover, and terrestrial climate feedbacks. Alternative stable states in forests have implications for the biosphere. Here, the authors combine forest biodiversity observations and simulations revealing that leaf types across temperate regions of the NH follow a bimodal distribution suggesting signatures of alternative forest states.}},
  articleno    = {{4658}},
  author       = {{Zou, Yibiao and Zohner, Constantin M. and Averill, Colin and Ma, Haozhi and Merder, Julian and Berdugo, Miguel and Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia and Mo, Lidong and Brun, Philipp and Zimmermann, Niklaus E. and Liang, Jingjing and de-Miguel, Sergio and Nabuurs, Gert-Jan and Reich, Peter B. and Niinements, Ulo and Dahlgren, Jonas and Kändler, Gerald and Ratcliffe, Sophia and Ruiz-Benito, Paloma and de Zavala, Miguel Angel and Abegg, Meinrad and Adou Yao, Yves C. and Alberti, Giorgio and Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M. and Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez and Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban and Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia and Alves, Luciana F. and Ammer, Christian and Antón-Fernández, Clara and Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro and Arroyo, Luzmila and Avitabile, Valerio and Aymard, Gerardo A. and Baker, Timothy R. and Bałazy, Radomir and Banki, Olaf and Barroso, Jorcely G. and Bastian, Meredith L. and Bastin, Jean-Francois and Birigazzi, Luca and Birnbaum, Philippe and Bitariho, Robert and Boeckx, Pascal and Bongers, Frans and Bouriaud, Olivier and Brancalion, Pedro H. S. and Brandl, Susanne and Brearley, Francis Q. and Brienen, Roel and Broadbent, Eben N. and Bruelheide, Helge and Bussotti, Filippo and Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla and César, Ricardo G. and Cesljar, Goran and Chazdon, Robin and Chen, Han Y. H. and Chisholm, Chelsea and Cho, Hyunkook and Cienciala, Emil and Clark, Connie and Clark, David and Colletta, Gabriel D. and Coomes, David A. and Valverde, Fernando Cornejo and Corral-Rivas, José J. and Crim, Philip M. and Cumming, Jonathan R. and Dayanandan, Selvadurai and de Gasper, André L. and Decuyper, Mathieu and Derroire, Géraldine and DeVries, Ben and Djordjevic, Ilija and Dolezal, Jiri and Dourdain, Aurélie and Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone and Enquist, Brian J. and Eyre, Teresa J. and Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain and Fayle, Tom M. and Feldpausch, Ted R. and Ferreira, Leandro V. and Finér, Leena and Fischer, Markus and Fletcher, Christine and Fridman, Jonas and Frizzera, Lorenzo and Gamarra, Javier G. P. and Gianelle, Damiano and Glick, Henry B. and Harris, David J. and Hector, Andrew and Hemp, Andreas and Hengeveld, Geerten and Hérault, Bruno and Herbohn, John L. and Herold, Martin and Hillers, Annika and Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N. and Hui, Cang and Ibanez, Thomas and Iêda, Amaral and Imai, Nobuo and Jagodziński, Andrzej M. and Jaroszewicz, Bogdan and Johannsen, Vivian Kvist and Joly, Carlos A. and Jucker, Tommaso and Jung, Ilbin and Karminov, Viktor and Kartawinata, Kuswata and Kearsley, Elizabeth and Kenfack, David and Kennard, Deborah K. and Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian and Keppel, Gunnar and Khan, Mohammed Latif and Killeen, Timothy J. and Kim, Hyun Seok and Kitayama, Kanehiro and Köhl, Michael and Korjus, Henn and Kraxner, Florian and Laarmann, Diana and Lang, Mait and Lewis, Simon L. and Lu, Huicui and Lukina, Natalia V. and Maitner, Brian S. and Malhi, Yadvinder and Marcon, Eric and Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes and Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur and Marshall, Andrew R. and Martin, Emanuel H. and Kucher, Dmitry and Meave, Jorge A. and Melo-Cruz, Omar and Mendoza, Casimiro and Merow, Cory and Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo and Moreno, Vanessa S. and Mukul, Sharif A. and Mundhenk, Philip and Nava-Miranda, María Guadalupe and Neill, David and Neldner, Victor J. and Nevenic, Radovan V. and Ngugi, Michael R. and Niklaus, Pascal A. and Oleksyn, Jacek and Ontikov, Petr and Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar and Pan, Yude and Paquette, Alain and Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander and Parfenova, Elena I. and Park, Minjee and Parren, Marc and Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy and Peri, Pablo L. and Pfautsch, Sebastian and Phillips, Oliver L. and Picard, Nicolas and Piedade, Maria Teresa T. F. and Piotto, Daniel and Pitman, Nigel C. A. and Polo, Irina and Poorter, Lourens and Poulsen, Axel D. and Poulsen, John R. and Pretzsch, Hans and Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez and Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda and Rodeghiero, Mirco and Rolim, Samir G. and Roopsind, Anand and Rovero, Francesco and Rutishauser, Ervan and Saikia, Purabi and Salas-Eljatib, Christian and Saner, Philippe and Schall, Peter and Schelhaas, Mart-Jan and Schepaschenko, Dmitry and Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael and Schmid, Bernhard and Schöngart, Jochen and Searle, Eric B. and Seben, Vladimír and Serra-Diaz, Josep M. and Sheil, Douglas and Shvidenko, Anatoly Z. and Silva-Espejo, Javier E. and Silveira, Marcos and Singh, James and Sist, Plinio and Slik, Ferry and Sonké, Bonaventure and Souza, Alexandre F. and Miscicki, Stanislaw and Stereńczak, Krzysztof J. and Svenning, Jens-Christian and Svoboda, Miroslav and Swanepoel, Ben and Targhetta, Natalia and Tchebakova, Nadja and ter Steege, Hans and Thomas, Raquel and Tikhonova, Elena and Umunay, Peter M. and Usoltsev, Vladimir A. and Valencia, Renato and Valladares, Fernando and van der Plas, Fons and Van Do, Tran and van Nuland, Michael E. and Vasquez, Rodolfo M. and Verbeeck, Hans and Viana, Helder and Vibrans, Alexander C. and Vieira, Simone and von Gadow, Klaus and Wang, Hua-Feng and Watson, James V. and Werner, Gijsbert D. A. and Westerlund, Bertil and Wiser, Susan K. and Wittmann, Florian and Woell, Hannsjoerg and Wortel, Verginia and Zagt, Roderik and Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz and Zhang, Chunyu and Zhao, Xiuhai and Zhou, Mo and Zhu, Zhi-Xin and Zo-Bi, Irie C. and Crowther, Thomas W. and GFBI consortium, [missing]}},
  issn         = {{2041-1723}},
  journal      = {{NATURE COMMUNICATIONS}},
  keywords     = {{Ecophysiology,Ecosystem ecology,Forest ecology,Q-ForestLab,SOIL,EVERGREEN,CLIMATE,CARBON,PLANT,LONGEVITY,DYNAMICS,PATTERNS,DATABASE,MODELS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{15}},
  title        = {{Positive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48676-5}},
  volume       = {{15}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

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