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Abstract
Cells release small, phospholipid membrane-enclosed particles, collectively referred to as extracellular vesicles (EVs), into their surroundings to enable intercellular communication. EVs have numerous functions in physiological and pathophysiological processes and show considerable promise for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Technologies have rapidly evolved over the past two decades, providing a powerful, versatile toolset for preparing and characterizing EVs to facilitate research and translational efforts. However, considering the plethora of methods available, it is challenging to understand what makes one method more suited for a given experiment than another. The heterogeneity of EVs as well as the diversity in composition of their surroundings further add to this challenge. This Primer provides guidance for EV analysis across ecosystems, including accessible body- and environment-derived sources. We summarize the multi-step process of EV preparation, cover the guiding principles and considerations when performing and interpreting EV experiments, and reflect on the limitations and challenges in the fields of fundamental biology, biomarker development and therapeutic strategies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have vital functions and promise diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this Primer, Hendrix and colleagues discuss tools for isolating and characterizing EVs obtained from various sources, including the body and the environment.
Keywords
GUIDELINES MINIMUM INFORMATION, FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION, GENE-EXPRESSION, PRIDE DATABASE, MESSENGER-RNA, HUMAN PLASMA, EXOSOMES, PROTEIN, QUANTIFICATION, SEPARATION

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MLA
Hendrix, An, et al. “Extracellular Vesicle Analysis.” NATURE REVIEWS METHODS PRIMERS, vol. 3, no. 1, 2023, doi:10.1038/s43586-023-00240-z.
APA
Hendrix, A., Lippens, L., Pinheiro, C., Théry, C., Martin-Jaular, L., Lötvall, J., … Witwer, K. W. (2023). Extracellular vesicle analysis. NATURE REVIEWS METHODS PRIMERS, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-023-00240-z
Chicago author-date
Hendrix, An, Lien Lippens, Cláudio Pinheiro, Clotilde Théry, Lorena Martin-Jaular, Jan Lötvall, Cecilia Lässer, Andrew F. Hill, and Kenneth W. Witwer. 2023. “Extracellular Vesicle Analysis.” NATURE REVIEWS METHODS PRIMERS 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-023-00240-z.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Hendrix, An, Lien Lippens, Cláudio Pinheiro, Clotilde Théry, Lorena Martin-Jaular, Jan Lötvall, Cecilia Lässer, Andrew F. Hill, and Kenneth W. Witwer. 2023. “Extracellular Vesicle Analysis.” NATURE REVIEWS METHODS PRIMERS 3 (1). doi:10.1038/s43586-023-00240-z.
Vancouver
1.
Hendrix A, Lippens L, Pinheiro C, Théry C, Martin-Jaular L, Lötvall J, et al. Extracellular vesicle analysis. NATURE REVIEWS METHODS PRIMERS. 2023;3(1).
IEEE
[1]
A. Hendrix et al., “Extracellular vesicle analysis,” NATURE REVIEWS METHODS PRIMERS, vol. 3, no. 1, 2023.
@article{01J1CJ2SFG5T8RGX7PN3RNEQN7,
  abstract     = {{Cells release small, phospholipid membrane-enclosed particles, collectively referred to as extracellular vesicles (EVs), into their surroundings to enable intercellular communication. EVs have numerous functions in physiological and pathophysiological processes and show considerable promise for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Technologies have rapidly evolved over the past two decades, providing a powerful, versatile toolset for preparing and characterizing EVs to facilitate research and translational efforts. However, considering the plethora of methods available, it is challenging to understand what makes one method more suited for a given experiment than another. The heterogeneity of EVs as well as the diversity in composition of their surroundings further add to this challenge. This Primer provides guidance for EV analysis across ecosystems, including accessible body- and environment-derived sources. We summarize the multi-step process of EV preparation, cover the guiding principles and considerations when performing and interpreting EV experiments, and reflect on the limitations and challenges in the fields of fundamental biology, biomarker development and therapeutic strategies.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have vital functions and promise diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this Primer, Hendrix and colleagues discuss tools for isolating and characterizing EVs obtained from various sources, including the body and the environment.}},
  articleno    = {{56}},
  author       = {{Hendrix, An and Lippens, Lien and Pinheiro, Cláudio and Théry, Clotilde and Martin-Jaular, Lorena and Lötvall, Jan and Lässer, Cecilia and Hill, Andrew F. and Witwer, Kenneth W.}},
  issn         = {{2662-8449}},
  journal      = {{NATURE REVIEWS METHODS PRIMERS}},
  keywords     = {{GUIDELINES MINIMUM INFORMATION,FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION,GENE-EXPRESSION,PRIDE DATABASE,MESSENGER-RNA,HUMAN PLASMA,EXOSOMES,PROTEIN,QUANTIFICATION,SEPARATION}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{23}},
  title        = {{Extracellular vesicle analysis}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-023-00240-z}},
  volume       = {{3}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

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