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Search for galactic core-collapse supernovae in a decade of data taken with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

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Abstract
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has been continuously taking data to search for O(0.5-10) s long neutrino bursts since 2007. Even if a Galactic core-collapse supernova is optically obscured or collapses to a black hole instead of exploding, it will be detectable via the O(10) MeV neutrino burst emitted during the collapse. We discuss a search for such events covering the time between 2008 April 17 and 2019 December 31. Considering the average data taking and analysis uptime of 91.7% after all selection cuts, this is equivalent to 10.735 yr of continuous data taking. In order to test the most conservative neutrino production scenario, the selection cuts were optimized for a model based on an 8.8 solar mass progenitor collapsing to an O-Ne-Mg core. Conservative assumptions on the effects of neutrino oscillations in the exploding star were made. The final selection cut was set to ensure that the probability to detect such a supernova within the Milky Way exceeds 99%. No such neutrino burst was found in the data after performing a blind analysis. Hence, a 90% C.L. upper limit on the rate of core-collapse supernovae out to distances of approximate to 25 kpc was determined to be 0.23 yr-1. For the more distant Magellanic Clouds, only high neutrino luminosity supernovae will be detectable by IceCube, unless external information on the burst time is available. We determined a model-independent limit by parameterizing the dependence on the neutrino luminosity and the energy spectrum.
Keywords
BLACK-HOLE FORMATION, EARLY WARNING SYSTEM, EQUATION-OF-STATE, FAILED SUPERNOVAE, BURST, EXPLOSION, TELESCOPE, SIGNAL, SNEWS, ICE

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MLA
Abbasi, R., et al. “Search for Galactic Core-Collapse Supernovae in a Decade of Data Taken with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory.” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, vol. 961, no. 1, 2024, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad07d1.
APA
Abbasi, R., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Agarwalla, S. K., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., … Zhelnin, P. (2024). Search for galactic core-collapse supernovae in a decade of data taken with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 961(1). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad07d1
Chicago author-date
Abbasi, R., M. Ackermann, J. Adams, S. K. Agarwalla, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, J. M. Alameddine, et al. 2024. “Search for Galactic Core-Collapse Supernovae in a Decade of Data Taken with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory.” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 961 (1). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad07d1.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Abbasi, R., M. Ackermann, J. Adams, S. K. Agarwalla, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, J. M. Alameddine, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, G. Anton, C. Argueelles, Y. Ashida, S. Athanasiadou, S. N. Axani, X. Bai, A. Balagopal V., M. Baricevic, S. W. Barwick, V. Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, J. Beise, C. Bellenghi, C. Benning, S. Benzvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Z. Besson, G. Binder, E. Blaufuss, S. Blot, F. Bontempo, J. Y. Book, C. Boscolo Meneguolo, S. Boeser, O. Botner, J. Boettcher, E. Bourbeau, J. Braun, B. Brinson, J. Brostean-Kaiser, R. T. Burley, R. S. Busse, D. Butterfield, M. A. Campana, K. Carloni, E. G. Carnie-Bronca, S. Chattopadhyay, N. Chau, C. Chen, Z. Chen, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, B. A. Clark, L. Classen, A. Coleman, G. H. Collin, A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad, P. Coppin, P. Correa, S. Countryman, D. F. Cowen, P. Dave, C. De Clercq, J. J. Delaunay, D. Delgado, S. Deng, K. Deoskar, A. Desai, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. Deyoung, A. Diaz, J. C. Diaz-Velez, M. Dittmer, A. Domi, H. Dujmovic, M. A. Duvernois, T. Ehrhardt, P. Eller, E. Ellinger, S. El Mentawi, D. Elsaesser, R. Engel, H. Erpenbeck, J. Evans, P. A. Evenson, K. L. Fan, K. Fang, K. Farrag, A. R. Fazely, A. Fedynitch, N. Feigl, S. Fiedlschuster, C. Finley, L. Fischer, D. Fox, A. Franckowiak, A. Fritz, P. Fuerst, J. Gallagher, E. Ganster, A. Garcia, L. Gerhardt, A. Ghadimi, C. Glaser, T. Glauch, T. Gluesenkamp, N. Goehlke, J. G. Gonzalez, S. Goswami, D. Grant, S. J. Gray, O. Gries, S. Griffin, S. Griswold, K. M. Groth, C. Guenther, P. Gutjahr, C. Haack, A. Hallgren, R. Halliday, L. Halve, F. Halzen, H. Hamdaoui, M. Ha Minh, K. Hanson, J. Hardin, A. A. Harnisch, P. Hatch, A. Haungs, K. Helbing, J. Hellrung, F. Henningsen, L. Heuermann, N. Heyer, S. Hickford, A. Hidvegi, C. Hill, G. C. Hill, K. D. Hoffman, S. Hori, K. Hoshina, W. Hou, T. Huber, K. Hultqvist, M. Huennefeld, R. Hussain, K. Hymon, S. In, A. Ishihara, M. Jacquart, O. Janik, M. Jansson, G. S. Japaridze, M. Jeong, M. Jin, B. J. P. Jones, D. Kang, W. Kang, X. Kang, A. Kappes, D. Kappesser, L. Kardum, T. Karg, M. Karl, A. Karle, U. Katz, M. Kauer, J. L. Kelley, A. Khatee Zathul, A. Kheirandish, J. Kiryluk, S. R. Klein, A. Kochocki, R. Koirala, H. Kolanoski, T. Kontrimas, L. Koepke, C. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, P. Koundal, M. Kovacevich, M. Kowalski, T. Kozynets, J. Krishnamoorthi, K. Kruiswijk, E. Krupczak, A. Kumar, E. Kun, N. Kurahashi, N. Lad, C. Lagunas Gualda, M. Lamoureux, M. J. Larson, S. Latseva, F. Lauber, J. P. Lazar, J. W. Lee, K. Leonard Deholton, A. Leszczynska, M. Lincetto, Q. R. Liu, M. Liubarska, E. Lohfink, C. Love, C. J. Lozano Mariscal, L. Lu, F. Lucarelli, W. Luszczak, Y. Lyu, J. Madsen, K. B. M. Mahn, Y. Makino, E. Manao, S. Mancina, W. Marie Sainte, I. C. Maris, S. Marka, Z. Marka, M. Marsee, I. Martinez-Soler, R. Maruyama, F. Mayhew, T. Mcelroy, F. Mcnally, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, S. Mechbal, A. Medina, M. Meier, Y. Merckx, L. Merten, J. Micallef, J. Mitchell, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Y. Morii, R. Morse, M. Moulai, T. Mukherjee, R. Naab, R. Nagai, M. Nakos, U. Naumann, J. Necker, A. Negi, M. Neumann, H. Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, A. Noell, A. Novikov, S. C. Nowicki, A. Obertacke Pollmann, V. O’Dell, M. Oehler, Bob Oeyen, A. Olivas, R. Orsoe, J. Osborn, E. O’Sullivan, H. Pandya, N. Park, G. K. Parker, E. N. Paudel, L. Paul, C. Perez de los Heros, J. Peterson, S. Philippen, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, A. Ponten, Y. Popovych, M. Prado Rodriguez, B. Pries, R. Procter-Murphy, G. T. Przybylski, C. Raab, J. Rack-Helleis, K. Rawlins, Z. Rechav, A. Rehman, P. Reichherzer, G. Renzi, E. Resconi, S. Reusch, W. Rhode, B. Riedel, A. Rifaie, E. J. Roberts, S. Robertson, S. Rodan, G. Roellinghoff, M. Rongen, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, L. Ruohan, Dirk Ryckbosch, I. Safa, J. Saffer, D. Salazar-Gallegos, P. Sampathkumar, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, A. Sandrock, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, S. Sarkar, J. Savelberg, P. Savina, M. Schaufel, H. Schieler, S. Schindler, L. Schlickmann, B. Schlueter, F. Schlueter, N. Schmeisser, T. Schmidt, J. Schneider, F. G. Schroeder, L. Schumacher, G. Schwefer, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, M. Seikh, S. Seunarine, R. Shah, A. Sharma, S. Shefali, N. Shimizu, M. Silva, B. Skrzypek, B. Smithers, R. Snihur, J. Soedingrekso, A. Sogaard, D. Soldin, P. Soldin, G. Sommani, C. Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, T. Stezelberger, T. Stuerwald, T. Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter-Antonyan, M. Thiesmeyer, W. G. Thompson, J. Thwaites, S. Tilav, K. Tollefson, C. Toennis, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, A. Trettin, C. F. Tung, R. Turcotte, J. P. Twagirayezu, B. Ty, M. A. Unland Elorrieta, A. K. Upadhyay, K. Upshaw, N. Valtonen-Mattila, J. Vandenbroucke, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. van Santen, J. Vara, J. Veitch-Michaelis, M. Venugopal, M. Vereecken, S. Verpoest, D. Veske, A. Vijai, C. Walck, C. Weaver, P. Weigel, A. Weindl, J. Weldert, C. Wendt, J. Werthebach, M. Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, N. Willey, D. R. Williams, A. Wolf, M. Wolf, G. Wrede, X. W. Xu, J. P. Yanez, E. Yildizci, S. Yoshida, R. Young, F. Yu, S. Yu, T. Yuan, Z. Zhang, and P. Zhelnin. 2024. “Search for Galactic Core-Collapse Supernovae in a Decade of Data Taken with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory.” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 961 (1). doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad07d1.
Vancouver
1.
Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Agarwalla SK, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, et al. Search for galactic core-collapse supernovae in a decade of data taken with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL. 2024;961(1).
IEEE
[1]
R. Abbasi et al., “Search for galactic core-collapse supernovae in a decade of data taken with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory,” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, vol. 961, no. 1, 2024.
@article{01J08EMJTGDXS8M0KPQJN7EPRK,
  abstract     = {{The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has been continuously taking data to search for O(0.5-10) s long neutrino bursts since 2007. Even if a Galactic core-collapse supernova is optically obscured or collapses to a black hole instead of exploding, it will be detectable via the O(10) MeV neutrino burst emitted during the collapse. We discuss a search for such events covering the time between 2008 April 17 and 2019 December 31. Considering the average data taking and analysis uptime of 91.7% after all selection cuts, this is equivalent to 10.735 yr of continuous data taking. In order to test the most conservative neutrino production scenario, the selection cuts were optimized for a model based on an 8.8 solar mass progenitor collapsing to an O-Ne-Mg core. Conservative assumptions on the effects of neutrino oscillations in the exploding star were made. The final selection cut was set to ensure that the probability to detect such a supernova within the Milky Way exceeds 99%. No such neutrino burst was found in the data after performing a blind analysis. Hence, a 90% C.L. upper limit on the rate of core-collapse supernovae out to distances of approximate to 25 kpc was determined to be 0.23 yr-1. For the more distant Magellanic Clouds, only high neutrino luminosity supernovae will be detectable by IceCube, unless external information on the burst time is available. We determined a model-independent limit by parameterizing the dependence on the neutrino luminosity and the energy spectrum.}},
  articleno    = {{84}},
  author       = {{Abbasi, R. and  Ackermann, M. and  Adams, J. and  Agarwalla, S. K. and  Aguilar, J. A. and  Ahlers, M. and  Alameddine, J. M. and  Amin, N. M. and  Andeen, K. and  Anton, G. and  Argueelles, C. and  Ashida, Y. and  Athanasiadou, S. and  Axani, S. N. and  Bai, X. and  Balagopal V., A. and  Baricevic, M. and  Barwick, S. W. and  Basu, V. and  Bay, R. and  Beatty, J. J. and  Tjus, J. Becker and  Beise, J. and  Bellenghi, C. and  Benning, C. and  Benzvi, S. and  Berley, D. and  Bernardini, E. and  Besson, D. Z. and  Binder, G. and  Blaufuss, E. and  Blot, S. and  Bontempo, F. and  Book, J. Y. and  Meneguolo, C. Boscolo and  Boeser, S. and  Botner, O. and  Boettcher, J. and  Bourbeau, E. and  Braun, J. and  Brinson, B. and  Brostean-Kaiser, J. and  Burley, R. T. and  Busse, R. S. and  Butterfield, D. and  Campana, M. A. and  Carloni, K. and  Carnie-Bronca, E. G. and  Chattopadhyay, S. and  Chau, N. and  Chen, C. and  Chen, Z. and  Chirkin, D. and  Choi, S. and  Clark, B. A. and  Classen, L. and  Coleman, A. and  Collin, G. H. and  Connolly, A. and  Conrad, J. M. and  Coppin, P. and  Correa, P. and  Countryman, S. and  Cowen, D. F. and  Dave, P. and  De Clercq, C. and  Delaunay, J. J. and  Delgado, D. and  Deng, S. and  Deoskar, K. and  Desai, A. and  Desiati, P. and  de Vries, K. D. and  de Wasseige, G. and  Deyoung, T. and  Diaz, A. and  Diaz-Velez, J. C. and  Dittmer, M. and  Domi, A. and  Dujmovic, H. and  Duvernois, M. A. and  Ehrhardt, T. and  Eller, P. and  Ellinger, E. and  El Mentawi, S. and  Elsaesser, D. and  Engel, R. and  Erpenbeck, H. and  Evans, J. and  Evenson, P. A. and  Fan, K. L. and  Fang, K. and  Farrag, K. and  Fazely, A. R. and  Fedynitch, A. and  Feigl, N. and  Fiedlschuster, S. and  Finley, C. and  Fischer, L. and  Fox, D. and  Franckowiak, A. and  Fritz, A. and  Fuerst, P. and  Gallagher, J. and  Ganster, E. and  Garcia, A. and  Gerhardt, L. and  Ghadimi, A. and  Glaser, C. and  Glauch, T. and  Gluesenkamp, T. and  Goehlke, N. and  Gonzalez, J. G. and  Goswami, S. and  Grant, D. and  Gray, S. J. and  Gries, O. and  Griffin, S. and  Griswold, S. and  Groth, K. M. and  Guenther, C. and  Gutjahr, P. and  Haack, C. and  Hallgren, A. and  Halliday, R. and  Halve, L. and  Halzen, F. and  Hamdaoui, H. and  Minh, M. Ha and  Hanson, K. and  Hardin, J. and  Harnisch, A. A. and  Hatch, P. and  Haungs, A. and  Helbing, K. and  Hellrung, J. and  Henningsen, F. and  Heuermann, L. and  Heyer, N. and  Hickford, S. and  Hidvegi, A. and  Hill, C. and  Hill, G. C. and  Hoffman, K. D. and  Hori, S. and  Hoshina, K. and  Hou, W. and  Huber, T. and  Hultqvist, K. and  Huennefeld, M. and  Hussain, R. and  Hymon, K. and  In, S. and  Ishihara, A. and  Jacquart, M. and  Janik, O. and  Jansson, M. and  Japaridze, G. S. and  Jeong, M. and  Jin, M. and  Jones, B. J. P. and  Kang, D. and  Kang, W. and  Kang, X. and  Kappes, A. and  Kappesser, D. and  Kardum, L. and  Karg, T. and  Karl, M. and  Karle, A. and  Katz, U. and  Kauer, M. and  Kelley, J. L. and  Zathul, A. Khatee and  Kheirandish, A. and  Kiryluk, J. and  Klein, S. R. and  Kochocki, A. and  Koirala, R. and  Kolanoski, H. and  Kontrimas, T. and  Koepke, L. and  Kopper, C. and  Koskinen, D. J. and  Koundal, P. and  Kovacevich, M. and  Kowalski, M. and  Kozynets, T. and  Krishnamoorthi, J. and  Kruiswijk, K. and  Krupczak, E. and  Kumar, A. and  Kun, E. and  Kurahashi, N. and  Lad, N. and  Lagunas Gualda, C. and  Lamoureux, M. and  Larson, M. J. and  Latseva, S. and  Lauber, F. and  Lazar, J. P. and  Lee, J. W. and  Deholton, K. Leonard and  Leszczynska, A. and  Lincetto, M. and  Liu, Q. R. and  Liubarska, M. and  Lohfink, E. and  Love, C. and  Mariscal, C. J. Lozano and  Lu, L. and  Lucarelli, F. and  Luszczak, W. and  Lyu, Y. and  Madsen, J. and  Mahn, K. B. M. and  Makino, Y. and  Manao, E. and  Mancina, S. and  Sainte, W. Marie and  Maris, I. C. and  Marka, S. and  Marka, Z. and  Marsee, M. and  Martinez-Soler, I. and  Maruyama, R. and  Mayhew, F. and  Mcelroy, T. and  Mcnally, F. and  Mead, J. V. and  Meagher, K. and  Mechbal, S. and  Medina, A. and  Meier, M. and  Merckx, Y. and  Merten, L. and  Micallef, J. and  Mitchell, J. and  Montaruli, T. and  Moore, R. W. and  Morii, Y. and  Morse, R. and  Moulai, M. and  Mukherjee, T. and  Naab, R. and  Nagai, R. and  Nakos, M. and  Naumann, U. and  Necker, J. and  Negi, A. and  Neumann, M. and  Niederhausen, H. and  Nisa, M. U. and  Noell, A. and  Novikov, A. and  Nowicki, S. C. and  Pollmann, A. Obertacke and  O'Dell, V. and  Oehler, M. and Oeyen, Bob and  Olivas, A. and  Orsoe, R. and  Osborn, J. and  O'Sullivan, E. and  Pandya, H. and  Park, N. and  Parker, G. K. and  Paudel, E. N. and  Paul, L. and  de los Heros, C. Perez and  Peterson, J. and  Philippen, S. and  Pizzuto, A. and  Plum, M. and  Ponten, A. and  Popovych, Y. and  Prado Rodriguez, M. and  Pries, B. and  Procter-Murphy, R. and  Przybylski, G. T. and  Raab, C. and  Rack-Helleis, J. and  Rawlins, K. and  Rechav, Z. and  Rehman, A. and  Reichherzer, P. and  Renzi, G. and  Resconi, E. and  Reusch, S. and  Rhode, W. and  Riedel, B. and  Rifaie, A. and  Roberts, E. J. and  Robertson, S. and  Rodan, S. and  Roellinghoff, G. and  Rongen, M. and  Rott, C. and  Ruhe, T. and  Ruohan, L. and Ryckbosch, Dirk and  Safa, I. and  Saffer, J. and  Salazar-Gallegos, D. and  Sampathkumar, P. and  Sanchez Herrera, S. E. and  Sandrock, A. and  Santander, M. and  Sarkar, S. and  Sarkar, S. and  Savelberg, J. and  Savina, P. and  Schaufel, M. and  Schieler, H. and  Schindler, S. and  Schlickmann, L. and  Schlueter, B. and  Schlueter, F. and  Schmeisser, N. and  Schmidt, T. and  Schneider, J. and  Schroeder, F. G. and  Schumacher, L. and  Schwefer, G. and  Sclafani, S. and  Seckel, D. and  Seikh, M. and  Seunarine, S. and  Shah, R. and  Sharma, A. and  Shefali, S. and  Shimizu, N. and  Silva, M. and  Skrzypek, B. and  Smithers, B. and  Snihur, R. and  Soedingrekso, J. and  Sogaard, A. and  Soldin, D. and  Soldin, P. and  Sommani, G. and  Spannfellner, C. and  Spiczak, G. M. and  Spiering, C. and  Stamatikos, M. and  Stanev, T. and  Stezelberger, T. and  Stuerwald, T. and  Stuttard, T. and  Sullivan, G. W. and  Taboada, I. and  Ter-Antonyan, S. and  Thiesmeyer, M. and  Thompson, W. G. and  Thwaites, J. and  Tilav, S. and  Tollefson, K. and  Toennis, C. and  Toscano, S. and  Tosi, D. and  Trettin, A. and  Tung, C. F. and  Turcotte, R. and  Twagirayezu, J. P. and  Ty, B. and  Unland Elorrieta, M. A. and  Upadhyay, A. K. and  Upshaw, K. and  Valtonen-Mattila, N. and  Vandenbroucke, J. and  van Eijndhoven, N. and  Vannerom, D. and  van Santen, J. and  Vara, J. and  Veitch-Michaelis, J. and  Venugopal, M. and  Vereecken, M. and  Verpoest, S. and  Veske, D. and  Vijai, A. and  Walck, C. and  Weaver, C. and  Weigel, P. and  Weindl, A. and  Weldert, J. and  Wendt, C. and  Werthebach, J. and  Weyrauch, M. and  Whitehorn, N. and  Wiebusch, C. H. and  Willey, N. and  Williams, D. R. and  Wolf, A. and  Wolf, M. and  Wrede, G. and  Xu, X. W. and  Yanez, J. P. and  Yildizci, E. and  Yoshida, S. and  Young, R. and  Yu, F. and  Yu, S. and  Yuan, T. and  Zhang, Z. and  Zhelnin, P.}},
  issn         = {{0004-637X}},
  journal      = {{ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL}},
  keywords     = {{BLACK-HOLE FORMATION,EARLY WARNING SYSTEM,EQUATION-OF-STATE,FAILED SUPERNOVAE,BURST,EXPLOSION,TELESCOPE,SIGNAL,SNEWS,ICE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{13}},
  title        = {{Search for galactic core-collapse supernovae in a decade of data taken with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad07d1}},
  volume       = {{961}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

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