@phdthesis{01HYR7XY8RF8J573HDWYR15SP3,
  abstract     = {{Tremors in dogs and cats have been faintly investigated in veterinary neurology. There are poorly known tremors in dogs and cats, that require further description. Additionally, it is controversial whether further investigations such as advanced imaging is indicated in some types of tremor. Little is further known about the treatment and outcome of these tremors. Especially in cats, it is unknown which diseases are the most common causes of tremors. In this thesis, several of the aforementioned questions are attempted to be answered with an aim to elucidate these often enigmatic neurological signs in dogs and cats. This thesis is divided in the following chapters. In the general introduction (chapter 1) a narrative review is provided discussing the currently known tremors in dogs and cats based on up-to-date veterinary literature. This chapter alsocontains a clinical and practical approach of tremors and contains a series of videos of tremors in dogs and cats. The scientific aims (chapter 2) of this thesis are presented in this section. The results of this thesis are presented, and they are divided in 7 chapters. In chapter 3 the signalment, semiology, magnetic reasoning imaging (MRI) findings and outcomes of dogs with idiopathic episodic head tremor (IEHT) and structural episodic head tremor (SEHT) were investigated. We found that SEHT exists in dogs and can be associated with a structural lesion in the thalamus or/and mesencephalic aqueduct. Structural episodic head tremor is usually manifested in older dogs with accompanying neurological deficits compared to IEHT dogs. In chapter 4, dystonic head tremor as a sign of paroxysmal dyskinesia was investigated in dogs. We recognised dystonic head tremor as a part of semiology in 43.6 % of dogs with paroxysmal dyskinesia. Poodle or Poodle-cross breeds were the most commonly affected breeds. In chapter 5, episodic mandibular tremor, that is teeth chattering, was investigated in dogs and cats in hospital populations as well as in an open public survey. We recognised an idiopathic episodic mandibular tremor in dogs and cats as a novel possible benign movement disorder. These dogs and cats did not have any other underlying neurologic disease and other accompanying neurological signs. Cavalier King Charles Spaniels were overrepresented. In chapter 6, the tremor phenotype, diagnostic test findings, treatment and outcome of dogs with orthostatic tremors and orthostatic tremor-plus were investigated. We found that orthostatic tremor was common in young giant or large breeds, and that also orthostatic tremor – plus exists in dogs which can be concomitant or associated with other neurological diseases. In chapter 7, the study evaluates the prevalence of underlying aetiologies and describes the clinical features of a large cohort of cats with tremors. We found that the most common diseases causing tremors in cats include degenerative encephalopathy, feline infectious peritonitis, congenital portosystemic shunt, intoxication and polyneuropathy. In chapter 8, we investigated in-depth the clinical features of tremors in cats with hepatic encephalopathy and congenital portosystemic shunts or post-attenuation neurologic syndrome. We found that tremors of variable phenotype occur in cats with a portosystemic shunt. In some cats tremors can be the main presenting complaint. In conclusion, the studies included in this thesis provide new information on tremors in dogs and cats. Further prospective studies are necessary to further increase our knowledge of tremors in dogs and cats.}},
  author       = {{Liatis, Theofanis}},
  isbn         = {{9798879670097}},
  keywords     = {{Tremors,Twitches,Peripheral nerve hyperexcitability,cat,dog,feline,canine,movement disorders}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{203}},
  publisher    = {{Ghent University. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}},
  school       = {{Ghent University}},
  title        = {{Recent advances in tremors in dogs and cats}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21731.36643}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

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