Modeled versus experimental salt mixture behavior under variable humidity
- Author
- Sebastiaan Godts, Michael Steiger, Amelie Stahlbuhk, Scott Allan Orr, Julie Desarnaud, Hilde De Clercq, Veerle Cnudde (UGent) and Tim De Kock
- Organization
- Project
- Abstract
- This study investigates the kinetics of salt mixture crystallization under relative humidity (RH) conditions, varying between 15 and 95% (at 20 degrees C), to inform applications in built heritage preservation, geology, and environmental sciences. We focused on commonly found, sulfate-rich and calcium-rich salt mixtures containing five to six ions, Cl-, NO3-, Na+, and K+, including or excluding less common Mg2+, and including either an excess of SO42- or Ca2+, with respect to gypsum. Using time-lapse micrographs and dynamic vapor sorption, we explore how crystallization and dissolution behavior depend on RH and mixture composition under constant temperature. A range of RH change rates were studied to simulate realistic weather events. Microstructural analyses through environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) confirmed the crystal habit corresponding with RH transitions. Phases predicted from thermodynamic modeling (ECOS/RUNSALT) were confirmed using micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental mapping via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). We identify a strong correlation between phase transition kinetics and RH change rates, with crystallization deviating by -15% and dissolution by +7% from modeled values under rapid (several seconds) and slow (several days) RH changes. These insights are important for preservation strategies in built heritage, salt deposition, and dissolution mechanisms in diverse geological and realistic environmental contexts, laboratory experiments, future modeling efforts, and the understanding of stone decay in general.
- Keywords
- POROUS MATERIALS, CRYSTAL-GROWTH, CRYSTALLIZATION, DAMAGE
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Citation
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication: http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01HYD5AME4JTE78KRZF4Q9NQKM
- MLA
- Godts, Sebastiaan, et al. “Modeled versus Experimental Salt Mixture Behavior under Variable Humidity.” ACS OMEGA, vol. 9, no. 18, 2024, pp. 20454–66, doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c01486.
- APA
- Godts, S., Steiger, M., Stahlbuhk, A., Orr, S. A., Desarnaud, J., De Clercq, H., … De Kock, T. (2024). Modeled versus experimental salt mixture behavior under variable humidity. ACS OMEGA, 9(18), 20454–20466. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c01486
- Chicago author-date
- Godts, Sebastiaan, Michael Steiger, Amelie Stahlbuhk, Scott Allan Orr, Julie Desarnaud, Hilde De Clercq, Veerle Cnudde, and Tim De Kock. 2024. “Modeled versus Experimental Salt Mixture Behavior under Variable Humidity.” ACS OMEGA 9 (18): 20454–66. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c01486.
- Chicago author-date (all authors)
- Godts, Sebastiaan, Michael Steiger, Amelie Stahlbuhk, Scott Allan Orr, Julie Desarnaud, Hilde De Clercq, Veerle Cnudde, and Tim De Kock. 2024. “Modeled versus Experimental Salt Mixture Behavior under Variable Humidity.” ACS OMEGA 9 (18): 20454–20466. doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c01486.
- Vancouver
- 1.Godts S, Steiger M, Stahlbuhk A, Orr SA, Desarnaud J, De Clercq H, et al. Modeled versus experimental salt mixture behavior under variable humidity. ACS OMEGA. 2024;9(18):20454–66.
- IEEE
- [1]S. Godts et al., “Modeled versus experimental salt mixture behavior under variable humidity,” ACS OMEGA, vol. 9, no. 18, pp. 20454–20466, 2024.
@article{01HYD5AME4JTE78KRZF4Q9NQKM,
abstract = {{This study investigates the kinetics of salt mixture crystallization under relative humidity (RH) conditions, varying between 15 and 95% (at 20 degrees C), to inform applications in built heritage preservation, geology, and environmental sciences. We focused on commonly found, sulfate-rich and calcium-rich salt mixtures containing five to six ions, Cl-, NO3-, Na+, and K+, including or excluding less common Mg2+, and including either an excess of SO42- or Ca2+, with respect to gypsum. Using time-lapse micrographs and dynamic vapor sorption, we explore how crystallization and dissolution behavior depend on RH and mixture composition under constant temperature. A range of RH change rates were studied to simulate realistic weather events. Microstructural analyses through environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) confirmed the crystal habit corresponding with RH transitions. Phases predicted from thermodynamic modeling (ECOS/RUNSALT) were confirmed using micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental mapping via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). We identify a strong correlation between phase transition kinetics and RH change rates, with crystallization deviating by -15% and dissolution by +7% from modeled values under rapid (several seconds) and slow (several days) RH changes. These insights are important for preservation strategies in built heritage, salt deposition, and dissolution mechanisms in diverse geological and realistic environmental contexts, laboratory experiments, future modeling efforts, and the understanding of stone decay in general.}},
author = {{Godts, Sebastiaan and Steiger, Michael and Stahlbuhk, Amelie and Orr, Scott Allan and Desarnaud, Julie and De Clercq, Hilde and Cnudde, Veerle and De Kock, Tim}},
issn = {{2470-1343}},
journal = {{ACS OMEGA}},
keywords = {{POROUS MATERIALS,CRYSTAL-GROWTH,CRYSTALLIZATION,DAMAGE}},
language = {{eng}},
number = {{18}},
pages = {{20454--20466}},
title = {{Modeled versus experimental salt mixture behavior under variable humidity}},
url = {{http://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c01486}},
volume = {{9}},
year = {{2024}},
}
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