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New investigation of the cyst–motile relationship for Votadinium spinosum reveals a Protoperidinium claudicans species complex (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales)

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Abstract
Protoperidinium claudicans is a planktonic, heterotrophic, bioluminescent dinoflagellate species commonly found in neritic waters. It has long been considered to display phenotypic variation in its second anterior intercalary plate, which could vary between quadra, penta and hexa. The equivalent spinose, cordate cyst goes under the name of Votadinium spinosum. Here we perform incubation experiments with cysts from France, Canada, China and Japan, which demonstrate that P. claudicans forms a species complex, with at least two ribotypes with a penta configuration (P. claudicans) and one with a quadra configuration (P. carriae sp. nov.). A fossil-based cyst, V. multispinosum sp. nov., is described as the equivalent of P. carriae. Molecular phylogenetics using large subunit ribosomal DNA supports these observations. The cyst-theca relationships for Votadinium psilodora and another, undescribed, cordate, spineless Votadinium species are also reported from China. Macromolecular analyses of the cyst wall of V. multispinosum reveal it is comprised of a protein-rich carbohydrate compound. We show that this compound is not uncommon in dinoflagellate and ciliate cysts and that it is unlikely to preserve very well upon sedimentation and burial.
Keywords
cysts, cordate, dinoflagellate, spinose, heterotrophic, Protoperidinium carriae, LSU, rDNA, molecular, phylogenetics, species, complex, LSU rDNA, molecular phylogenetics, species complex, DINOFLAGELLATE CYSTS, SP-NOV, MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY, BRITISH-COLUMBIA, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTS, WATERS, GENUS

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MLA
Mertens, Kenneth Neil, et al. “New Investigation of the Cyst–Motile Relationship for Votadinium Spinosum Reveals a Protoperidinium Claudicans Species Complex (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales).” PALYNOLOGY, 2024, doi:10.1080/01916122.2024.2303170.
APA
Mertens, K. N., Meyvisch, P., Gurdebeke, P., Pospelova, V., Matsuoka, K., Bilien, G., … Yamaguchi, A. (2024). New investigation of the cyst–motile relationship for Votadinium spinosum reveals a Protoperidinium claudicans species complex (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales). PALYNOLOGY. https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2024.2303170
Chicago author-date
Mertens, Kenneth Neil, Pjotr Meyvisch, Pieter Gurdebeke, Vera Pospelova, Kazumi Matsuoka, Gwenael Bilien, Haifeng Gu, and Aika Yamaguchi. 2024. “New Investigation of the Cyst–Motile Relationship for Votadinium Spinosum Reveals a Protoperidinium Claudicans Species Complex (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales).” PALYNOLOGY. https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2024.2303170.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Mertens, Kenneth Neil, Pjotr Meyvisch, Pieter Gurdebeke, Vera Pospelova, Kazumi Matsuoka, Gwenael Bilien, Haifeng Gu, and Aika Yamaguchi. 2024. “New Investigation of the Cyst–Motile Relationship for Votadinium Spinosum Reveals a Protoperidinium Claudicans Species Complex (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales).” PALYNOLOGY. doi:10.1080/01916122.2024.2303170.
Vancouver
1.
Mertens KN, Meyvisch P, Gurdebeke P, Pospelova V, Matsuoka K, Bilien G, et al. New investigation of the cyst–motile relationship for Votadinium spinosum reveals a Protoperidinium claudicans species complex (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales). PALYNOLOGY. 2024;
IEEE
[1]
K. N. Mertens et al., “New investigation of the cyst–motile relationship for Votadinium spinosum reveals a Protoperidinium claudicans species complex (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales),” PALYNOLOGY, 2024.
@article{01HY2QK7M9MQDD5ED4T8M9TQ4K,
  abstract     = {{Protoperidinium claudicans is a planktonic, heterotrophic, bioluminescent dinoflagellate species commonly found in neritic waters. It has long been considered to display phenotypic variation in its second anterior intercalary plate, which could vary between quadra, penta and hexa. The equivalent spinose, cordate cyst goes under the name of Votadinium spinosum. Here we perform incubation experiments with cysts from France, Canada, China and Japan, which demonstrate that P. claudicans forms a species complex, with at least two ribotypes with a penta configuration (P. claudicans) and one with a quadra configuration (P. carriae sp. nov.). A fossil-based cyst, V. multispinosum sp. nov., is described as the equivalent of P. carriae. Molecular phylogenetics using large subunit ribosomal DNA supports these observations. The cyst-theca relationships for Votadinium psilodora and another, undescribed, cordate, spineless Votadinium species are also reported from China. Macromolecular analyses of the cyst wall of V. multispinosum reveal it is comprised of a protein-rich carbohydrate compound. We show that this compound is not uncommon in dinoflagellate and ciliate cysts and that it is unlikely to preserve very well upon sedimentation and burial.}},
  author       = {{Mertens, Kenneth Neil and Meyvisch, Pjotr and Gurdebeke, Pieter and Pospelova, Vera and Matsuoka, Kazumi and Bilien, Gwenael and Gu, Haifeng and Yamaguchi, Aika}},
  issn         = {{0191-6122}},
  journal      = {{PALYNOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{cysts,cordate,dinoflagellate,spinose,heterotrophic,Protoperidinium carriae,LSU,rDNA,molecular,phylogenetics,species,complex,LSU rDNA,molecular phylogenetics,species complex,DINOFLAGELLATE CYSTS,SP-NOV,MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY,BRITISH-COLUMBIA,PRODUCTIVITY,SEDIMENTS,WATERS,GENUS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{24}},
  title        = {{New investigation of the cyst–motile relationship for Votadinium spinosum reveals a Protoperidinium claudicans species complex (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales)}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2024.2303170}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

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