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Synthesis of core–shell silicon–carbon nanocomposites via in-situ molten salt-based reduction of rice husks : a promising approach for the manufacture of lithium-ion battery anodes

Wenjie Tao, Chengjie Xu, Peng Gao, Kexin Zhang, Xuewen Zhu, Di Wu (UGent) and Jianqiang Chen
(2024) JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE. 669. p.902-911
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Abstract
Silicon (Si) has gained substantial interest as a potential component of lithium -ion battery (LIB) anodes due to its high theoretical specific capacity. However, conventional methods for producing Si for anodes involve expensive metal reductants and stringent reducing environments. This paper describes the development of a calcium hydride (CaH 2 ) -aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ) reduction system that was used for the in -situ low -temperature synthesis of a core -shell structured silicon -carbon (Si -C) material from rice husks (RHs), and the material was denoted RHs-Si@C. Moreover, as an LIB anode, RHs-Si@C exhibited exceptional cycling performance, exemplified by 90.63 % capacity retention at 5 A g -1 over 2000 cycles. Furthermore, the CaH 2 -AlCl 3 reduction system was employed to produce Si nanoparticles (Si NPs) from RHs (R-SiO 2 , where SiO 2 is silica) and from commercial silica (C-SiO 2 ). The R-SiO 2 -derived Si NPs exhibited a higher residual silicon oxides (SiO x ) content than the C SiO 2 -derived Si NPs. This was advantageous, as there was sufficient SiO x in the R-SiO 2 -derived Si NPs to mitigate the volumetric expansion typically associated with Si NPs, resulting in enhanced cycling performance. Impressively, Si NPs were fabricated on a kilogram scale from C-SiO 2 in a yield of 82 %, underscoring the scalability of the low -temperature reduction technique.
Keywords
Lithium-ion batteries, Silicon anode, Molten salts, Core-shell structure, Rice husk, MAGNESIOTHERMIC REDUCTION, ALUMINOTHERMIC REDUCTION

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MLA
Tao, Wenjie, et al. “Synthesis of Core–Shell Silicon–Carbon Nanocomposites via in-Situ Molten Salt-Based Reduction of Rice Husks : A Promising Approach for the Manufacture of Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes.” JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE, vol. 669, 2024, pp. 902–11, doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.010.
APA
Tao, W., Xu, C., Gao, P., Zhang, K., Zhu, X., Wu, D., & Chen, J. (2024). Synthesis of core–shell silicon–carbon nanocomposites via in-situ molten salt-based reduction of rice husks : a promising approach for the manufacture of lithium-ion battery anodes. JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE, 669, 902–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.010
Chicago author-date
Tao, Wenjie, Chengjie Xu, Peng Gao, Kexin Zhang, Xuewen Zhu, Di Wu, and Jianqiang Chen. 2024. “Synthesis of Core–Shell Silicon–Carbon Nanocomposites via in-Situ Molten Salt-Based Reduction of Rice Husks : A Promising Approach for the Manufacture of Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes.” JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE 669: 902–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.010.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Tao, Wenjie, Chengjie Xu, Peng Gao, Kexin Zhang, Xuewen Zhu, Di Wu, and Jianqiang Chen. 2024. “Synthesis of Core–Shell Silicon–Carbon Nanocomposites via in-Situ Molten Salt-Based Reduction of Rice Husks : A Promising Approach for the Manufacture of Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes.” JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE 669: 902–911. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.010.
Vancouver
1.
Tao W, Xu C, Gao P, Zhang K, Zhu X, Wu D, et al. Synthesis of core–shell silicon–carbon nanocomposites via in-situ molten salt-based reduction of rice husks : a promising approach for the manufacture of lithium-ion battery anodes. JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE. 2024;669:902–11.
IEEE
[1]
W. Tao et al., “Synthesis of core–shell silicon–carbon nanocomposites via in-situ molten salt-based reduction of rice husks : a promising approach for the manufacture of lithium-ion battery anodes,” JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE, vol. 669, pp. 902–911, 2024.
@article{01HY16EBC6R8SCA4K4RZF3J1DK,
  abstract     = {{Silicon (Si) has gained substantial interest as a potential component of lithium -ion battery (LIB) anodes due to its high theoretical specific capacity. However, conventional methods for producing Si for anodes involve expensive metal reductants and stringent reducing environments. This paper describes the development of a calcium hydride (CaH 2 ) -aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ) reduction system that was used for the in -situ low -temperature synthesis of a core -shell structured silicon -carbon (Si -C) material from rice husks (RHs), and the material was denoted RHs-Si@C. Moreover, as an LIB anode, RHs-Si@C exhibited exceptional cycling performance, exemplified by 90.63 % capacity retention at 5 A g -1 over 2000 cycles. Furthermore, the CaH 2 -AlCl 3 reduction system was employed to produce Si nanoparticles (Si NPs) from RHs (R-SiO 2 , where SiO 2 is silica) and from commercial silica (C-SiO 2 ). The R-SiO 2 -derived Si NPs exhibited a higher residual silicon oxides (SiO x ) content than the C SiO 2 -derived Si NPs. This was advantageous, as there was sufficient SiO x in the R-SiO 2 -derived Si NPs to mitigate the volumetric expansion typically associated with Si NPs, resulting in enhanced cycling performance. Impressively, Si NPs were fabricated on a kilogram scale from C-SiO 2 in a yield of 82 %, underscoring the scalability of the low -temperature reduction technique.}},
  author       = {{Tao, Wenjie and Xu, Chengjie and Gao, Peng and Zhang, Kexin and Zhu, Xuewen and Wu, Di and Chen, Jianqiang}},
  issn         = {{0021-9797}},
  journal      = {{JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE}},
  keywords     = {{Lithium-ion batteries,Silicon anode,Molten salts,Core-shell structure,Rice husk,MAGNESIOTHERMIC REDUCTION,ALUMINOTHERMIC REDUCTION}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{902--911}},
  title        = {{Synthesis of core–shell silicon–carbon nanocomposites via in-situ molten salt-based reduction of rice husks : a promising approach for the manufacture of lithium-ion battery anodes}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.010}},
  volume       = {{669}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}
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