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Sedimentary evidence of the Late Holocene tsunami in the Shetland Islands (UK) at Loch Flugarth, northern Mainland

Max Engel, Katharina Hess, Sue Dawson, Tasnim Patel, Andreas Koutsodendris, Polina Vakhrameeva, Eckehard Klemt, Philipp Kempf, Isa Schön and Vanessa Heyvaert (UGent)
(2024) BOREAS. 53(1). p.27-41
Author
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Abstract
Tsunami deposits around the North Sea basin are needed to assess the long-term hazard of tsunamis. Here, we present sedimentary evidence of the youngest tsunami on the Shetland Islands from Loch Flugarth, a coastal lake on northern Mainland. Three gravity cores show organic-rich background sedimentation with many sub-centimetre-scale sand layers, reflecting recurring storm overwash and a sediment source limited to the active beach and uppermost subtidal zone. A basal 13-cm-thick sand layer, dated to 426-787 cal. a CE based on 14C, 137Cs and Bayesian age-depth modelling, was found in all cores. High-resolution grain-size analysis identified four normally graded or massive sublayers with inversely graded traction carpets at the base of two sublayers. A thin organic-rich 'mud' drape and a 'mud' cap cover the two uppermost sublayers, which also contain small rip-up clasts. Grain-size distributions show a difference between the basal sand layer and the coarser and better sorted storm layers above. Multivariate statistical analysis of X-ray fluorescence core scanning data also distinguishes both sand units: Zr, Fe and Ti dominate the thick basal sand, while the thin storm layers are high in K and Si. Enriched Zr and Ti in the basal sand layer, in combination with increased magnetic susceptibility, may be related to higher heavy mineral content reflecting an additional marine sediment source below the storm-wave base that is activated by a tsunami. Based on reinterpretation of chronological data from two different published sites and the chronostratigraphy of the present study, the tsunami seems to date to c. 1400 cal. a BP. Although the source of the tsunami remains unclear, the lack of evidence for this event outside of the Shetland Islands suggests that it had a local source and was smaller than the older Storegga tsunami (8.15 cal. ka BP), which affected most of the North Sea basin. Sediment cores from coastal lake Loch Flugarth on northen Mainland, Shetland Islands (UK), contain a thick unit of sand with four stacked subsequences. Grain-size distribution, geochemistry and geophysical characteristics indicate deposition by a tsunami. The age-depth model of the core points to tsunami impact c. 1400 cal. BP and correlation with deposits from two other sites on the Shetland Islands.image
Keywords
GRAIN-SIZE DISTRIBUTION, SEA-LEVEL CHANGE, STOREGGA TSUNAMI, LAKE-SEDIMENTS, DEPOSITS, HISTORY, RECORD, COAST, AGE, PACKAGE

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MLA
Engel, Max, et al. “Sedimentary Evidence of the Late Holocene Tsunami in the Shetland Islands (UK) at Loch Flugarth, Northern Mainland.” BOREAS, vol. 53, no. 1, 2024, pp. 27–41, doi:10.1111/bor.12635.
APA
Engel, M., Hess, K., Dawson, S., Patel, T., Koutsodendris, A., Vakhrameeva, P., … Heyvaert, V. (2024). Sedimentary evidence of the Late Holocene tsunami in the Shetland Islands (UK) at Loch Flugarth, northern Mainland. BOREAS, 53(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12635
Chicago author-date
Engel, Max, Katharina Hess, Sue Dawson, Tasnim Patel, Andreas Koutsodendris, Polina Vakhrameeva, Eckehard Klemt, Philipp Kempf, Isa Schön, and Vanessa Heyvaert. 2024. “Sedimentary Evidence of the Late Holocene Tsunami in the Shetland Islands (UK) at Loch Flugarth, Northern Mainland.” BOREAS 53 (1): 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12635.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Engel, Max, Katharina Hess, Sue Dawson, Tasnim Patel, Andreas Koutsodendris, Polina Vakhrameeva, Eckehard Klemt, Philipp Kempf, Isa Schön, and Vanessa Heyvaert. 2024. “Sedimentary Evidence of the Late Holocene Tsunami in the Shetland Islands (UK) at Loch Flugarth, Northern Mainland.” BOREAS 53 (1): 27–41. doi:10.1111/bor.12635.
Vancouver
1.
Engel M, Hess K, Dawson S, Patel T, Koutsodendris A, Vakhrameeva P, et al. Sedimentary evidence of the Late Holocene tsunami in the Shetland Islands (UK) at Loch Flugarth, northern Mainland. BOREAS. 2024;53(1):27–41.
IEEE
[1]
M. Engel et al., “Sedimentary evidence of the Late Holocene tsunami in the Shetland Islands (UK) at Loch Flugarth, northern Mainland,” BOREAS, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 27–41, 2024.
@article{01HWSMPT6AJGM4MST7S9PW06GX,
  abstract     = {{Tsunami deposits around the North Sea basin are needed to assess the long-term hazard of tsunamis. Here, we present sedimentary evidence of the youngest tsunami on the Shetland Islands from Loch Flugarth, a coastal lake on northern Mainland. Three gravity cores show organic-rich background sedimentation with many sub-centimetre-scale sand layers, reflecting recurring storm overwash and a sediment source limited to the active beach and uppermost subtidal zone. A basal 13-cm-thick sand layer, dated to 426-787 cal. a CE based on 14C, 137Cs and Bayesian age-depth modelling, was found in all cores. High-resolution grain-size analysis identified four normally graded or massive sublayers with inversely graded traction carpets at the base of two sublayers. A thin organic-rich 'mud' drape and a 'mud' cap cover the two uppermost sublayers, which also contain small rip-up clasts. Grain-size distributions show a difference between the basal sand layer and the coarser and better sorted storm layers above. Multivariate statistical analysis of X-ray fluorescence core scanning data also distinguishes both sand units: Zr, Fe and Ti dominate the thick basal sand, while the thin storm layers are high in K and Si. Enriched Zr and Ti in the basal sand layer, in combination with increased magnetic susceptibility, may be related to higher heavy mineral content reflecting an additional marine sediment source below the storm-wave base that is activated by a tsunami. Based on reinterpretation of chronological data from two different published sites and the chronostratigraphy of the present study, the tsunami seems to date to c. 1400 cal. a BP. Although the source of the tsunami remains unclear, the lack of evidence for this event outside of the Shetland Islands suggests that it had a local source and was smaller than the older Storegga tsunami (8.15 cal. ka BP), which affected most of the North Sea basin.

 Sediment cores from coastal lake Loch Flugarth on northen Mainland, Shetland Islands (UK), contain a thick unit of sand with four stacked subsequences. Grain-size distribution, geochemistry and geophysical characteristics indicate deposition by a tsunami. The age-depth model of the core points to tsunami impact c. 1400 cal. BP and correlation with deposits from two other sites on the Shetland Islands.image}},
  author       = {{Engel, Max and  Hess, Katharina and  Dawson, Sue and  Patel, Tasnim and  Koutsodendris, Andreas and  Vakhrameeva, Polina and  Klemt, Eckehard and  Kempf, Philipp and Schön, Isa and Heyvaert, Vanessa}},
  issn         = {{0300-9483}},
  journal      = {{BOREAS}},
  keywords     = {{GRAIN-SIZE DISTRIBUTION,SEA-LEVEL CHANGE,STOREGGA TSUNAMI,LAKE-SEDIMENTS,DEPOSITS,HISTORY,RECORD,COAST,AGE,PACKAGE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{27--41}},
  title        = {{Sedimentary evidence of the Late Holocene tsunami in the Shetland Islands (UK) at Loch Flugarth, northern Mainland}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12635}},
  volume       = {{53}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}
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