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Low‐field magnetic resonance imaging of sagittal groove disease of the proximal phalanx in non‐racing sport horses

Josephine Faulkner, Zoë Joostens, Bart Broeckx (UGent) , Stijn Hauspie, Tom Mariën and Katrien Vanderperren (UGent)
(2024) EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL. 57(1). p.140-152
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Abstract
Background Injuries of the sagittal groove of the proximal phalanx (P1) in equine athletes are considered to predominantly occur due to chronic bone stress overload. Objectives To describe the range of abnormalities that is present in the sagittal groove in a large group of horses diagnosed with sagittal groove disease (SGD) on low-field MRI. Study DesignRetrospective, cross-sectional. Methods Medical records were searched to identify initial MRI images of horses diagnosed with SGD and these were blindly evaluated using a semi-quantitative grading scheme and novel SGD MRI classification system reflecting potential pathways of pathological progression and severity of stress injury. Results A total of 132 limbs from 111 horses were included in the study; predominantly warmbloods competing in showjumping (n = 83) and dressage (n = 18). SGD MRI classifications were: 0 (normal, n = 0), 1 (small subchondral defect, n = 2), 2 (osseous densification, n = 28), 3 (subchondral microfissure with osseous densification, n = 7), 4 (bone oedema-like signal within the subchondral +/- trabecular bone and +/- subchondral microfissure or demineralisation, n = 72), 5 (incomplete macrofissure/fracture, n = 23) and 6 (complete fracture, n = 0). Classification 4c (bone oedema-like signal with demineralisation) and 5 had higher proportions in the plantar third of hindlimbs (3% and 10%, respectively) compared with forelimbs (0% and 0%, respectively). SGD classification and extent of bone oedema-like signal were not significantly different between lame (n = 116) and non-lame limbs (n = 16) (both p > 0.05). Periosteal new bone and oedema-like signal were identified (either confidently or suspected) at the dorsoproximal aspect of P1 in 25% and 39% of limbs, respectively. Main LimitationsInclusion via diagnoses in original MRI reports, variable clinical history, small size of some classification groups. Conclusions The presence or absence of lameness is not a dependable measure of the severity of SGD. The periosteal oedema-like signal of P1 has not previously been described in MRI of SGD and further supports the concept of bone stress injury.
Keywords
General Medicine, bone stress, fissure, horse, P1, periostitis, subchondral bone, THOROUGHBRED RACEHORSES, SUBCHONDRAL BONE, FRACTURES, JOINT, CONFIGURATION

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MLA
Faulkner, Josephine, et al. “Low‐field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Sagittal Groove Disease of the Proximal Phalanx in Non‐racing Sport Horses.” EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 57, no. 1, 2024, pp. 140–52, doi:10.1111/evj.14088.
APA
Faulkner, J., Joostens, Z., Broeckx, B., Hauspie, S., Mariën, T., & Vanderperren, K. (2024). Low‐field magnetic resonance imaging of sagittal groove disease of the proximal phalanx in non‐racing sport horses. EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, 57(1), 140–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14088
Chicago author-date
Faulkner, Josephine, Zoë Joostens, Bart Broeckx, Stijn Hauspie, Tom Mariën, and Katrien Vanderperren. 2024. “Low‐field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Sagittal Groove Disease of the Proximal Phalanx in Non‐racing Sport Horses.” EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL 57 (1): 140–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14088.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Faulkner, Josephine, Zoë Joostens, Bart Broeckx, Stijn Hauspie, Tom Mariën, and Katrien Vanderperren. 2024. “Low‐field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Sagittal Groove Disease of the Proximal Phalanx in Non‐racing Sport Horses.” EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL 57 (1): 140–152. doi:10.1111/evj.14088.
Vancouver
1.
Faulkner J, Joostens Z, Broeckx B, Hauspie S, Mariën T, Vanderperren K. Low‐field magnetic resonance imaging of sagittal groove disease of the proximal phalanx in non‐racing sport horses. EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL. 2024;57(1):140–52.
IEEE
[1]
J. Faulkner, Z. Joostens, B. Broeckx, S. Hauspie, T. Mariën, and K. Vanderperren, “Low‐field magnetic resonance imaging of sagittal groove disease of the proximal phalanx in non‐racing sport horses,” EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 140–152, 2024.
@article{01HTMHNH1WZ9WZEBYC7ZAVSQZP,
  abstract     = {{Background Injuries of the sagittal groove of the proximal phalanx (P1) in equine athletes are considered to predominantly occur due to chronic bone stress overload. Objectives To describe the range of abnormalities that is present in the sagittal groove in a large group of horses diagnosed with sagittal groove disease (SGD) on low-field MRI. Study DesignRetrospective, cross-sectional. Methods Medical records were searched to identify initial MRI images of horses diagnosed with SGD and these were blindly evaluated using a semi-quantitative grading scheme and novel SGD MRI classification system reflecting potential pathways of pathological progression and severity of stress injury. Results A total of 132 limbs from 111 horses were included in the study; predominantly warmbloods competing in showjumping (n = 83) and dressage (n = 18). SGD MRI classifications were: 0 (normal, n = 0), 1 (small subchondral defect, n = 2), 2 (osseous densification, n = 28), 3 (subchondral microfissure with osseous densification, n = 7), 4 (bone oedema-like signal within the subchondral +/- trabecular bone and +/- subchondral microfissure or demineralisation, n = 72), 5 (incomplete macrofissure/fracture, n = 23) and 6 (complete fracture, n = 0). Classification 4c (bone oedema-like signal with demineralisation) and 5 had higher proportions in the plantar third of hindlimbs (3% and 10%, respectively) compared with forelimbs (0% and 0%, respectively). SGD classification and extent of bone oedema-like signal were not significantly different between lame (n = 116) and non-lame limbs (n = 16) (both p > 0.05). Periosteal new bone and oedema-like signal were identified (either confidently or suspected) at the dorsoproximal aspect of P1 in 25% and 39% of limbs, respectively. Main LimitationsInclusion via diagnoses in original MRI reports, variable clinical history, small size of some classification groups. Conclusions The presence or absence of lameness is not a dependable measure of the severity of SGD. The periosteal oedema-like signal of P1 has not previously been described in MRI of SGD and further supports the concept of bone stress injury.}},
  author       = {{Faulkner, Josephine and Joostens, Zoë and Broeckx, Bart and Hauspie, Stijn and Mariën, Tom and Vanderperren, Katrien}},
  issn         = {{0425-1644}},
  journal      = {{EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}},
  keywords     = {{General Medicine,bone stress,fissure,horse,P1,periostitis,subchondral bone,THOROUGHBRED RACEHORSES,SUBCHONDRAL BONE,FRACTURES,JOINT,CONFIGURATION}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{140--152}},
  title        = {{Low‐field magnetic resonance imaging of sagittal groove disease of the proximal phalanx in non‐racing sport horses}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14088}},
  volume       = {{57}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}
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