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Highly pathogenic avian influenza causes mass mortality in Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis breeding colonies across north-western Europe

Ulrich Knief, Thomas Bregnballe, Ibrahim Alfarwi, Mónika Z. Ballmann, Allix Brenninkmeijer, Szymon Bzoma, Antoine Chabrolle, Jannis Dimmlich, Elias Engel, Ruben Fijn, et al.
(2024) BIRD CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL. 34.
Author
Organization
Abstract
In 2022, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b became enzootic and caused mass mortality in Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis and other seabird species across north-western Europe. We present data on the characteristics of the spread of the virus between and within breeding colonies and the number of dead adult Sandwich Terns recorded at breeding sites throughout north-western Europe. Within two months of the first reported mortalities, 20,531 adult Sandwich Terns were found dead, which is >17% of the total north-western European breeding population. This is probably an under-representation of total mortality, as many carcasses are likely to have gone unnoticed and unreported. Within affected colonies, almost all chicks died. After the peak of the outbreak, in a colony established by late breeders, 25.7% of tested adults showed immunity to HPAI subtype H5. Removal of carcasses was associated with lower levels of mortality at affected colonies. More research on the sources and modes of transmission, incubation times, effective containment, and immunity is urgently needed to combat this major threat for colonial seabirds.
Keywords
Nature and Landscape Conservation, Animal Science and Zoology, Ecology, Avian flu, Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, HPAI, Seabird conservation, Sero-surveillance, Wildlife disease management, SURFACE-WATER, WILD BIRDS, VIRUS, SPREAD, AREA, H5N1

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Citation

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MLA
Knief, Ulrich, et al. “Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Causes Mass Mortality in Sandwich Tern Thalasseus Sandvicensis Breeding Colonies across North-Western Europe.” BIRD CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL, vol. 34, 2024, doi:10.1017/s0959270923000400.
APA
Knief, U., Bregnballe, T., Alfarwi, I., Ballmann, M. Z., Brenninkmeijer, A., Bzoma, S., … Courtens, W. (2024). Highly pathogenic avian influenza causes mass mortality in Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis breeding colonies across north-western Europe. BIRD CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL, 34. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0959270923000400
Chicago author-date
Knief, Ulrich, Thomas Bregnballe, Ibrahim Alfarwi, Mónika Z. Ballmann, Allix Brenninkmeijer, Szymon Bzoma, Antoine Chabrolle, et al. 2024. “Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Causes Mass Mortality in Sandwich Tern Thalasseus Sandvicensis Breeding Colonies across North-Western Europe.” BIRD CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL 34. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0959270923000400.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Knief, Ulrich, Thomas Bregnballe, Ibrahim Alfarwi, Mónika Z. Ballmann, Allix Brenninkmeijer, Szymon Bzoma, Antoine Chabrolle, Jannis Dimmlich, Elias Engel, Ruben Fijn, Kim Fischer, Bernd Hälterlein, Matthias Haupt, Veit Hennig, Christof Herrmann, Ronald in ‘t Veld, Elisabeth Kirchhoff, Mikael Kristersson, Susanne Kühn, Kjell Larsson, Rolf Larsson, Neil Lawton, Mardik Leopold, Sander Lilipaly, Leigh Lock, Régis Marty, Hans Matheve, Włodzimierz Meissner, Paul Morrison, Stephen Newton, Patrik Olofsson, Florian Packmor, Kjeld T. Pedersen, Chris Redfern, Francesco Scarton, Fred Schenk, Olivier Scher, Lorenzo Serra, Alexandre Sibille, Julian Smith, Wez Smith, Jacob Sterup, Eric Stienen, Viola Strassner, Roberto G. Valle, Rob S. A. van Bemmelen, Jan Veen, Muriel Vervaeke, Ewan Weston, Monika Wojcieszek, and Wouter Courtens. 2024. “Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Causes Mass Mortality in Sandwich Tern Thalasseus Sandvicensis Breeding Colonies across North-Western Europe.” BIRD CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL 34. doi:10.1017/s0959270923000400.
Vancouver
1.
Knief U, Bregnballe T, Alfarwi I, Ballmann MZ, Brenninkmeijer A, Bzoma S, et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza causes mass mortality in Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis breeding colonies across north-western Europe. BIRD CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL. 2024;34.
IEEE
[1]
U. Knief et al., “Highly pathogenic avian influenza causes mass mortality in Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis breeding colonies across north-western Europe,” BIRD CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL, vol. 34, 2024.
@article{01HNWEJJ1C2GWCWX3537YWC80S,
  abstract     = {{In 2022, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b became enzootic and caused mass mortality in Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis and other seabird species across north-western Europe. We present data on the characteristics of the spread of the virus between and within breeding colonies and the number of dead adult Sandwich Terns recorded at breeding sites throughout north-western Europe. Within two months of the first reported mortalities, 20,531 adult Sandwich Terns were found dead, which is >17% of the total north-western European breeding population. This is probably an under-representation of total mortality, as many carcasses are likely to have gone unnoticed and unreported. Within affected colonies, almost all chicks died. After the peak of the outbreak, in a colony established by late breeders, 25.7% of tested adults showed immunity to HPAI subtype H5. Removal of carcasses was associated with lower levels of mortality at affected colonies. More research on the sources and modes of transmission, incubation times, effective containment, and immunity is urgently needed to combat this major threat for colonial seabirds.}},
  articleno    = {{e6}},
  author       = {{Knief, Ulrich and Bregnballe, Thomas and Alfarwi, Ibrahim and Ballmann, Mónika Z. and Brenninkmeijer, Allix and Bzoma, Szymon and Chabrolle, Antoine and Dimmlich, Jannis and Engel, Elias and Fijn, Ruben and Fischer, Kim and Hälterlein, Bernd and Haupt, Matthias and Hennig, Veit and Herrmann, Christof and in ‘t Veld, Ronald and Kirchhoff, Elisabeth and Kristersson, Mikael and Kühn, Susanne and Larsson, Kjell and Larsson, Rolf and Lawton, Neil and Leopold, Mardik and Lilipaly, Sander and Lock, Leigh and Marty, Régis and Matheve, Hans and Meissner, Włodzimierz and Morrison, Paul and Newton, Stephen and Olofsson, Patrik and Packmor, Florian and Pedersen, Kjeld T. and Redfern, Chris and Scarton, Francesco and Schenk, Fred and Scher, Olivier and Serra, Lorenzo and Sibille, Alexandre and Smith, Julian and Smith, Wez and Sterup, Jacob and Stienen, Eric and Strassner, Viola and Valle, Roberto G. and van Bemmelen, Rob S. A. and Veen, Jan and Vervaeke, Muriel and Weston, Ewan and Wojcieszek, Monika and Courtens, Wouter}},
  issn         = {{0959-2709}},
  journal      = {{BIRD CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL}},
  keywords     = {{Nature and Landscape Conservation,Animal Science and Zoology,Ecology,Avian flu,Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus,HPAI,Seabird conservation,Sero-surveillance,Wildlife disease management,SURFACE-WATER,WILD BIRDS,VIRUS,SPREAD,AREA,H5N1}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{11}},
  title        = {{Highly pathogenic avian influenza causes mass mortality in Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis breeding colonies across north-western Europe}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1017/s0959270923000400}},
  volume       = {{34}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}
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